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Scoliidae
	Megascolia bidens, Tunisia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Infraorder:	Aculeata
Superfamily:	Scolioidea
Family:	Scoliidae; Latreille, 1802
Subfamilies
	Scoliinae; Proscoliinae

The Scoliidae, the scoliid wasps, are a family of wasps comprising about 560 species worldwide. They tend to be black, often marked with yellow or orange, and their wing tips are distinctively corrugated. Males are more slender and elongated than females, with significantly longer antennae, but the sexual dimorphism is not as apparent as in many of the Tiphiidae and Thynnidae.

Biology

Scoliid wasps are solitary parasitoids of scarab beetle larvae. Female scoliids burrow into the ground in search of these larvae and then use their sting to paralyze them. They sometimes excavate a chamber and move the paralyzed beetle larva into it before depositing an egg. Scoliid wasps act as important biocontrol agents, as many of the beetles they parasitize are pests, including the Japanese beetle. Male scoliids patrol territories, ready to mate with females emerging from the ground. Adult wasps may be minor pollinators of some plants and can be found on many wildflowers in the late summer. ^[1]

Scoliidae has at least one species known to engage in pseudocopulation with an orchid. Flowers of the orchid Bipinnula penicillata in subtropical South America resemble females of Pygodasis bistrimaculata, tricking male wasps into attempting to mate and, in the process, provide pollination.^[2] Scoliids include some of the largest wasps in the world, such as Megascolia procer.^[3]

Taxonomy

Living scoliidae genera are classified as follows:^[5]^[6]^[7]

Subfamily: Proscoliinae

Proscolia Rasnitsyn 1977 ^[8]

Subfamily: Scoliinae

Tribe: Campsomerini

Aelocampsomeris Bradley 1957
Aureimeris Betrem, 1972
Australelis Betrem, 1962
Campsomeriella Betrem, 1941
Campsomeris Lepeletier, 1838
Cathimeris Betrem, 1972
Charimeris Betrem, 1971
Colpa Dufour, 1841
Colpacampsomeris Betrem, 1967
Dasyscolia Bradley, 1951
Dielis Saussure & Sichel, 1864
Extrameris Betrem, 1972
Guigliana Betrem, 1967
Laevicampsomeris Betrem, 1933
Leomeris Betrem, 1972
Lissocampsomeris Bradley, 1957
Megacampsomeris Betrem, 1928
Megameris Betrem, 1967
Micromeriella Betrem, 1972
Peltatimeris Betrem, 1972
Phalerimeris Betrem, 1967
Pseudotrielis Betrem, 1928
Pygodasis Bradley, 1957
Radumeris Betrem, 1962
Rhabdotomeris Bradley, 1957
Sericocampsomeris Betrem, 1941
Sphenocampsomeris Bradley, 1957
Stygocampsomeris Bradley, 1957
Tenebromeris Betrem, 1963
Trisciloa Gribodo, 1893
Tristimeris Betrem, 1967
Tubatimeris Betrem, 1972
Tureimeris Betrem, 1972
Xanthocampsomeris Bradley, 1957

Tribe: Scoliini

Austroscolia Betrem, 1927
Carinoscolia Betrem, 1927
Diliacos Saussure & Sichel, 1864
Laeviscolia Betrem, 1928
Liacos Guérin-Méneville, 1838
Megascolia Betrem, 1928
Microscolia Betrem, 1928
Mutilloscolia Bradley, 1959
Pyrrhoscolia Bradley, 1957
Scolia Fabricius 1775
Triscolia de Saussure 1863

Subfamily †Archaeoscoliinae

The subfamily Archaeoscoliinae is known exclusively from the fossil record, with the largest diversity having lived during the Cretaceous (Barremian) before going extinct by the late Eocene (Priabonian).

†Archaeoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
- †Archaeoscolia hispanica Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999^[10]
- †Archaeoscolia senilis Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
†Cretoscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
- †Cretoscolia brasiliensis Osten, 2007^[11]
- †Cretoscolia conquensis Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999^[10]
- †Cretoscolia formosa Zhang, 2004^[12]
- †Cretoscolia laiyangica Zhang, 2004^[12]
- †Cretoscolia montsecana Rasnitsyn & Martínez-Delclòs, 1999^[10]
- †Cretoscolia patiens Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
- †Cretoscolia promissiva Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
- †Cretoscolia rasnitsyni Zhang, 2004^[12]
†Floriscolia Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
- †Floriscolia relicta Rasnitsyn, 1993^[9]
†Protoscolia Zhang et al., 2002^[13]
- †Protoscolia imperialis Zhang et al., 2002
- †Protoscolia normalis Zhang et al., 2002
- †Protoscolia sinensis Zhang et al., 2002

Three additional undescribed specimens from the Ypresian Eocene Okanagan Highlands were referred to the subfamily by S. Bruce Archibald et al. (2018). The two fossils from the Klondike Mountain Formation of Northeastern Washington state, and one fossil from the Allenby Formation of South central British Columbia were mentioned briefly but no specific commentary on placement or finer taxonomic detail was presented in the paper.^[14]

History

In 1847 and 1849 Eduard Eversmann published his "Fauna Hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis—exhibiting the species of Hymenoptera which he observed and described in the provinces situated between the Volga river and the Ural mountains." He placed the Scoliadae LATR. as a subfamily of the Sphegidae LATR. He mentions the genus Scolia FABR. with 13 species, the genus Tiphia FABR. with 3 species, and the genus Meria ILL, with only the species Meria sexpunctata.^[15]

North American species list

There are 36 species of Scoliidae reported to occur in North America. Two additional species, Campsomeriella annulata (Fabricius, 1793) and Micromeriella marginella (Klug, 1810), were introduced to the United States but failed to become established.^[16]^[17]

Aelocampsomeris variegata (Fabricius, 1793) – Mexico, Central America
Campsomeris atrata (Fabricius, 1775) – Caribbean
Campsomeris vitripennis (Smith, 1855) – Mexico, Central America
Colpa (Colpa) octomaculata (Say, 1823) – United States, Mexico
Colpa (Colpa) pollenifera (Viereck, 1906) – United States, Mexico
Colpa (Crioscolia) alcione (Banks, 1917) – United States, Mexico
Colpa (Crioscolia) flammicoma (Bradley, 1928) – United States, Mexico
Dielis dorsata (Fabricius, 1787) – United States, Caribbean, Mexico, Central America
Dielis pilipes (Saussure, 1858) – United States, Mexico
Dielis plumipes (Drury, 1770) – United States
Dielis tejensis Szafranski, 2023 – United States
Dielis tolteca (Saussure, 1857) – United States, Mexico, Central America
Dielis trifasciata (Fabricius, 1793) – United States, Caribbean
Lissocampsomeris wesmaeli (Lepeletier, 1845) – Mexico, Central America
Pygodasis ephippium (Say, 1837) – United States, Mexico, Central America
Pygodasis hyalina (Saussure, 1864) – Mexico
Pygodasis ianthina (Bradley, 1945) – Mexico, Central America
Pygodasis vittata (Sichel, 1864) – Mexico, Central America
Pygodasis quadrimaculata (Fabricus, 1775) – United States
Rhabdotimeris rokitanskyi (Dalla Torre, 1897) – Mexico, Central America
Scolia bicincta (Fabricius, 1775) – United States
Scolia dubia (Say, 1837) – United States, Mexico
Scolia fuscipennis Bartlett, 1912 – Mexico
Scolia guttata (Burmeister, 1853) – United States, Mexico, Central America
Scolia mexicana (Saussure, 1858) – United States, Mexico
Scolia nobilitata (Fabricius, 1805) – United States, Mexico
Scolia rufiventris Fabricius, 1804 – Mexico, Central America
Scolia vintschgaui Dalla Torre, 1893 – Mexico
Stygocampsomeris servillei (Guérin, 1838) – Mexico, Central America
Triscolia ardens (Smith, 1855) – United States, Mexico
Triscolia badia (Saussure, 1863) – Mexico
Xanthocampsomeris completa (Rohwer, 1927) – United States, Mexico, Central America
Xanthocampsomeris fulvohirta (Cresson, 1865) – United States, Caribbean
Xanthocampsomeris hesterae (Rohwer, 1921) – United States, Mexico, Central America
Xanthocampsomeris limosa (Burmeister, 1853) – United States, Mexico
Xanthocampsomeris tricincta (Fabricius, 1775) – Caribbean

References

^ Liu, Z; Yang, SJ; Wang, YY; Peng, YQ; Chen, HY; Luo, SX (1 October 2021). "Tackling the Taxonomic Challenges in the Family Scoliidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera) Using an Integrative Approach: A Case Study from Southern China". Insects. 12 (10): 892. doi:10.3390/insects12100892. PMC 8539399. PMID 34680660.
^ Ciotek, Liliana; Giorgis, Pablo; Benitez-Vieyra, Santiago; Cocucci, Andrea A. (2005). "First Confirmed Case of Pseudocopulation in Terrestrial Orchids of South America". Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants. 201 (5): 365–369. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2005.07.012.
^ Sarrazin, Michaël; Vigneron, Jean Pol; Welch, Victoria; Rassart, Marie (2008-11-05). "Nanomorphology of the blue iridescent wings of a giant tropical wasp Megascolia procer javanensis (Hymenoptera)". Physical Review E. 78 (5): 051902. arXiv:0710.2692. Bibcode:2008PhRvE..78e1902S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.78.051902. PMID 19113150. S2CID 30936410.
^ Krombein, Karl V. (1978). "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, II: A Monograph of the Scoliidae (Hymenoptera: Scolioidea)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology (283): 6–7. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
^ Osten, T. (2005). "Checkliste der Dolchwespen der Welt (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Scoliidae). Teil 1: Proscoliinae und Scoliinae: Campsomerini. Teil 2: Scoliinae: Scoliini. Teil 3: Literatur" [Checklist of the Scoliidae of the World. Part 1: Proscoliinae and Scoliinae: Campsomerini. Part 2: Scoliinae: Scoliini. Part 3: Literature] (PDF). Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Augsburg (in German). 62 (220–221): 1–62. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ "Classification and checklist of Afrotropical mammoth wasps". Retrieved 2019-07-18.
^ "BugGuide - Family Scoliidae". Retrieved 2019-07-18.
^ "Fauna Europaea". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rasnitsyn, A. (1993). "Archaescoliinae, an extinct subfamily of scoliid wasps (Insecta: Vespida = Hymenoptera: Scoliidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 2: 85–96.
^ ^a ^b ^c Rasnitsyn, A.; Martínez-Delclòs, X. (1999). "New Cretaceous Scoliidae (Vespida=Hymenoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain and Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 20 (6): 767–772. Bibcode:1999CrRes..20..767R. doi:10.1006/cres.1999.0181.
^ Osten, T. (2007). "Hymenoptera: bees, wasps and ants". The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. pp. 350–365.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zhang, J. (2004). "New representatives of Cretoscolia (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) from eastern China". Cretaceous Research. 25 (2): 229–234. Bibcode:2004CrRes..25..229Z. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2003.12.003.
^ Zhang, H.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Zhang, J. (2002). "The oldest known scoliid wasps (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Scoliidae) from the Jehol biota of western Liaoning, China". Cretaceous Research. 23 (1): 77–86. Bibcode:2002CrRes..23...77H. doi:10.1006/cres.2001.0302.
^ Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2018). "Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America". The Canadian Entomologist. 150 (2): 205–257. doi:10.4039/tce.2017.59. ISSN 0008-347X. S2CID 90017208.
^ Eversmann, Eduard (1847). "Fauna Hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis I". Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou (in Latin). 20 (1): 3–68. (families Tenthredinidae and Uroceratae) and Eversmann, Eduard (1849). "Fauna Hymenopterologica Volgo-Uralensis II". Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou (in Latin). 22 (3): 359–436.(family Sphegidae)
^ Poole, R.W.; Gentili, P. (1996). "Hymenoptera" (PDF). Nomina Insecta: A Check List of the Insects of North America Nearctica. 2: 309–375. ISBN 1-889002-02-X. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
^ Ramírez-Guillén, Luis Damián; Falcon-Brindis, Armando; Gómez, Benigno (2022). "The Scoliidae wasps (Hymenoptera: Scolioidea) of Mexico: taxonomy and biogeography". Zootaxa. 5214 (1): 47–88. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5214.1.2. PMID 37044915.