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Cynipoidea; Temporal range: Cretaceous-Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Cynips quercusfolii
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Infraorder:	Proctotrupomorpha
Superfamily:	Cynipoidea
Families
	Austrocynipidae Riek, 1971; Ibaliidae Thomson, 1862; †Protimaspidae Liu & Engel, 2007; †Stolamissidae Liu & Engel, 2007; Liopteridae Ashmead, 1895; †Gerocynipidae Liu & Engel, 2007; Figitidae Thomson, 1962; Cynipidae Latreille, 1802; Paraulacidae Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad, 2009; Diplolepididae Latreille, 1802;

The Cynipoidea are a moderate-sized hymenopteran superfamily that presently includes seven extant families and three extinct families, though others have been recognized in the past. The most familiar members of the group are phytophagous, especially as gall-formers, though the actual majority of included species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids. They are typically glossy, dark, smooth wasps with somewhat compressed bodies and somewhat reduced wing venation. It is common for various metasomal segments to be fused in various ways (often diagnostic for families or subfamilies), and the petiole is very short, when present.

With the exception of the Cynipidae (the gall wasps), it is a poorly known group as a whole, though there are nearly 3000 known species in total, and a great many species are still undescribed, mostly in the Figitidae.^[1] Each of the constituent families differs in biology, though life histories of one of the families (Liopteridae) are still largely unknown. In July 2020, an identification key for the superfamily was published in the journal Insect Systematics and Diversity, enabling identification to the family level.^[2] Several groups formerly included in Cynipidae were elevated to family status in 2023.^[3]

Classification

Family †Protimaspidae Liu & Engel, 2007

Family †Stolamissidae Liu & Engel, 2007

Family †Gerocynipidae Liu & Engel, 2007

Family Austrocynipidae Riek, 1971

Family Paraulacidae Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad, 2009

Family Diplolepididae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Diplolepidinae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily Pediaspinae Ashmead, 1903

Family Ibaliidae Thomson, 1862

Subfamily †Archaeibaliinae Liu & Engel, 2010

Subfamily Ibaliinae Thomson, 1862

Family Liopteridae Ashmead, 1895

Subfamily †Proliopterinae Liu & Engel, 2007

Subfamily †Goeraniinae Liu & Engel, 2007

Subfamily Mayrellinae Hedicke, 1922

Subfamily Dallatorrellinae Kieffer, 1911

Subfamily Oberthuerellinae Hedicke, 1903

Subfamily Liopterinae Ashmead, 1895

Family Figitidae Thomson, 1862

Subfamily †Rasnicynipinae Kozlov, 1996

Subfamily †Palaeocynipinae Kozlov, 1995

Subfamily Charipinae Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910

Subfamily Emargininae Kovalev, 1994

Subfamily Eucoilinae Thomson, 1862

Tribe Diglyphosematini Belizin, 1961

Tribe Eucoilini Thomson, 1862

Tribe Ganaspini Belizin, 1961

Tribe Kleidotomini Hellén, 1960

Tribe Trichoplastini Kovalev, 1989

Tribe Zaeucoilini Buffington, 2009

Subfamily Figitinae Thomson, 1862

Subfamily Mikeiinae Paretas-Martinez & Pujade-Villar, 2011

Subfamily Aspicerinae Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910

Subfamily Anacharitinae Thomson, 1862

Subfamily Pycnostigminae Cameron, 1905

Subfamily Thrasorinae Kovalev, 1994

Subfamily Plectocynipinae Ros-Farré & Pujade-Villar, 2007

Subfamily Euceroptresinae Buffington & Liljeblad, 2008

Subfamily Parnipinae Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey, 2001

Family Cynipidae Latreille, 1802

Subfamily †Hodiernocynipinae Kovalev, 1994

Subfamily Cynipinae Latreille, 1802

Tribe Aulacideini Nieves-Aldrey & Ronquist, 2015

Tribe Aylacini Ashmead, 1903

Tribe Ceroptresini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015

Tribe Cynipini Latreille, 1802

Tribe Diastrophini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015

Tribe Eschatocerini Ashmead, 1903

Tribe Phanacidini Nieves-Aldrey, Nylander, & Ronquist, 2015

Tribe Qwaqwaiini Liljeblad, Nieves-Aldrey, & Melika, 2011

Tribe Synergini Ashmead, 1896

References

^ Mertz, Leslie (6 July 2020). "Is That a Gall Wasp? Now You Can Find Out". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ Matthew L Buffington; Mattias Forshage; Johan Liljeblad; Chang-Ti Tang; Simon van Noort (1 July 2020). "World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher-Level Groups". Insect Systematics and Diversity. 4 (4). doi:10.1093/ISD/IXAA003. ISSN 2399-3421. Wikidata Q119582746.
^ Jack Hearn; Erik Gobbo; José Luis Nieves-Aldrey; et al. (3 October 2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of protein-coding genes resolves complex gall wasp relationships". Systematic Entomology. doi:10.1111/SYEN.12611. ISSN 0307-6970. Wikidata Q123440111.