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Dryinidae; Temporal range: Barremian–Present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Gonatopus alpinus female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Superfamily:	Chrysidoidea
Family:	Dryinidae; Haliday, 1833
Subfamilies
	Anteoninae; Aphelopinae; Apoaphelopinae; Apodryininae; Bocchinae; Conganteoninae; Dryininae; Erwiniinae; Gonatopodinae; Plesiodryininae; Transdryininae

Dryinidae is a cosmopolitan family of solitary wasps. Its name comes from the Greek drys for oak: Latreille named the type genus Dryinus because the first species was collected on an oak tree in Spain.^{[citation needed]} The larvae are parasitoids of the nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha.^[1] Dryinidae comprises over 1900 described species, distributed in 11 extant subfamilies and 57 genera.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Description

The adult wasp can measure from 0.9 to 5.0 mm in length and in some cases can reach 13 mm.^[5] The body of the adult wasp has a 'waist' where it is constricted in the middle. The rear legs have spurs which may be used for grooming. The antennae have 10 segments. Many species have a marked sexual dimorphism, where males are totally different from the females in the size and shape of the body.^[3]^[6] Males have wings while females are often wingless and resemble worker ants. The ovipositor is retractable and not visible when retracted.

Life history

The female dryinid injects an egg into the host insect with her ovipositor. Females may also have front legs modified with a pinching apparatus which they use to restrain the hosts for their larvae during oviposition. The larvae are legless or have only vestigial legs. The larva feeds on the internal structures of the host, and as it grows larger it begins to protrude from the body. It develops a hardened sac (called a "thylacium") around its body for protection. The host is eventually killed and the larva leaves the dead body and spins a cocoon.^[7]

Gallery

Deinodryinus velteni in amber
Issus coleoptratus nymph with dryinid larva under right wing
Aphelopus varicornis
Dryinus koebelei female

References

^ Guglielmino, A.; Olmi, M.; Bückle, C. (2013). "An updated host-parasite catalogue of world Dryinidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea)". Zootaxa. 3740 (1): 1–113. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3740.1.1. hdl:2067/2569. PMID 25112881. S2CID 12322067.
^ Tribull, C.M. 2015. Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamilies of Dryinidae (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea) as reconstructed by molecular sequencing. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 45: 15–29. DOI: 10.3897/JHR.45.5010
^ ^a ^b Olmi, M.; Virla, E.G. (2014). "Dryinidae of the Neotropical region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea)". Zootaxa. 3792 (1): 1–534. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3792.2.1. hdl:11336/23891. PMID 24869997. S2CID 14181681.
^ Olmi, M.; Xu, Z. (2015). "Dryinidae of the Eastern Palaearctic region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea)". Zootaxa. 3996 (1): 1–253. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3996.1.1. PMID 26250320.
^ Olmi, M.; Virla, E.G. (2006). "35. Familia Dryinidae". In Fernández, F.; Sharkey, M. J. (eds.). Introducción a los Hymenoptera de La Región Neotropical. Bogotá: Sociedad Colombiana de Entomologia y Universidad Nacional de Colombia. pp. 401–418.
^ Olmi, M. (1994). The Dryinidae and Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Vol. 30. Brill. pp. 1–100. ISBN 978-90-04-10224-8.
^ Dryinidae. Identification of Principal Groups of Insects. Discoveries in Natural History & Exploration. UC Riverside.