Same-sex union legislation

  Marriage open to same-sex couples

  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for

  Same-sex marriage recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions, and accorded greater rights than local same-sex unions (if any)

  Civil unions or domestic partnerships

  Limited legal recognition

  Local certification without legal force

  Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)

  Same-sex unions not legally recognized

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,^{[nb 1]} New Zealand,^{[nb 2]} Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,^{[nb 3]} the United States,^{[nb 4]} and Uruguay.

Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Israel^{[citation needed]} and Namibia^{[citation needed]}. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed elsewhere in the Kingdom of the Netherlands are recognized in Sint Maarten. Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. 32 countries and four jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well. Sixteen countries and 34 jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the number of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979.^[1][2] However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples did not occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.^[3] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

As of 24 December 2024, certain alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage has been allowed on a national level in Bolivia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

As of 24 December 2024, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Kosovo and Poland.

As of 24 December 2024, same-sex marriage has been legal (nationwide or in some parts) in Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands,^{[nb 1]} New Zealand,^{[nb 2]} Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom,^{[nb 3]} the United States,^{[nb 4]} and Uruguay.

As of 24 December 2024, legislation to allow same-sex marriage is being considered in at least one legislative house on a national level in Italy.

Country	Date	Same-sex union	Upper house		Lower house		Head of state	Law enacted?
			Yes	No	Yes	No
Netherlands	June 1979	Unregistered cohabitation[1][2]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Netherlands	December 1980	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[1][2]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Netherlands	November 1984	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[1][2]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Denmark	June 1986	Unregistered cohabitation[2][4][5]	—		78	62	Signed	Yes
Sweden	June 1987	Unregistered cohabitation[6]	—		Passed		—[a 1]	Yes
Denmark	June 1989	Registered partnership[7][8]	—		71	47	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Norway	July 1991	Unregistered cohabitation[9]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norway	April 1993	Registered partnership[10]	18	16	58	40	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Sweden	June 1994	Registered partnership[11]	—		171	141	—[a 1]	Yes[a 2]
Spain	November 1994	Unregistered cohabitation[2]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Hungary	May 1996	Unregistered cohabitation[2][12]	—		207	73	Signed	Yes
Iceland	June 1996	Confirmed cohabitation[13][14]	—		44	1	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Slovakia	May 1997	Registered partnership[15]	—		Failed		—	No
Netherlands	July 1997	Registered partnership[1]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	June 1998	Registered partnership[16]	—	—	Failed		—	No
France	October 1998	Civil solidarity pact[17]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Belgium	January 1999	Legal cohabitation[18][19]	39	8	98	10	Signed	Yes
Sweden	March 1999	Registered partnership (expansion)[20]	—		Passed		—[a 1]	Yes[a 2]
Denmark	June 1999	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[21]	—		61	48	Signed	Yes[a 2]
France	November 1999	Civil Solidarity Pact and Concubinage[22]	Passed		315	249	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	December 1999	Registered partnership[23]	—	—	69	91	—	No
Slovakia	February 2000	Registered partnership[15]	—		Failed		—	No
Canada	April 2000	Common-law partnership[24][25][26]	Passed		174	72	Signed	Yes
Iceland	May 2000	Confirmed cohabitation (expansion: adoption and immigration rights)[27]	—		49	1	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Netherlands	December 2000	Marriage[28][29]	49	26	109	33	Signed	Yes
Norway	December 2000	Registered partnership (expansion)[9][30]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Germany	February 2001	Registered life partnership[31]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Portugal	March 2001	De facto union[32][33]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Zealand	April 2001	De facto relationship[34]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	April 2001	Unregistered cohabitation[35]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norway	June 2001	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[36][37]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Finland	September 2001	Registered partnership[38]	—		99	84	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	October 2001	Registered partnership[39]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Sweden	June 2002	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[40]	—		Passed		—[a 1]	Yes[a 2]
Belgium	February 2003	Marriage[41]	46	15	91	22	Signed	Yes
Denmark	May 2003	Registered partnership (expansion)[42]	—		49	60	—	No
Denmark	May 2003	Registered partnership (expansion)[43]	—		45	60	—	No
Denmark	May 2003	Registered partnership (expansion)[44]	—		43	61	—	No
Denmark	June 2003	Registered partnership (expansion)[45]	—		11	94	—	No
Croatia	July 2003	Unregistered cohabitation[46]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Luxembourg	May 2004	Free union[47]	—		Failed		—	No
Luxembourg	May 2004	Marriage[48]	—		Failed		—	No
Luxembourg	July 2004	Partnership[49]	—		33	7	Signed	Yes
Panama	September 2004	Civil union[50]	—		Failed		—	No
Germany	October 2004	Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[51]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Norway	November 2004	Marriage[52]	—		Failed		—	No
United Kingdom	November 2004	Civil partnership[53]	251	136	426	49	Signed	Yes
New Zealand	November 2004	De facto relationship (expansion)[54]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Zealand	December 2004	Civil union[55]	—		65	55	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	February 2005	Registered partnership[56]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Andorra	March 2005	Stable couple union[57]	—		Passed		Signed [a 3]	Yes
Slovenia	March 2005	Registered partnership[58]	—[a 4]		Failed		—	No
New Zealand	March 2005	Civil union and de facto relationship (expansion)[59][60]	—		76	43	Signed	Yes
Sweden	June 2005	Registered partnership (expansion)[61]	—		Passed		—[a 1]	Yes[a 2]
Switzerland	June 2005	Registered partnership[62]	Passed		Passed		—	Yes
			Specific referendum (58.04%)
Spain	July 2005	Marriage[63]	Vetoed [a 5]		183	136	Signed	Yes
Canada	July 2005	Marriage[64]	47	21	158	133	Signed	Yes
Slovenia	July 2005	Partnership[65]	—[a 4]		44	3	Signed	Yes
Croatia	October 2005	Registered partnership[66]	—		Failed		—	No
Czech Republic	March 2006	Registered partnership[67]	65	14	86	54	Vetoed [a 6]	Yes
Belgium	May 2006	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[68][69]	34	33	77	62	Signed	Yes
Spain	May 2006	Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[70]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Denmark	June 2006	Registered partnership (expansion)[71]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Iceland	June 2006	Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[72][73]	—		41	0	Signed	Yes[a 2]
France	June 2006	Civil Solidarity Pact (expansion)[74]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Africa	November 2006	Marriage and civil partnership[75]	36	11	229	41	Signed	Yes
Portugal	December 2006	De facto union (expansion: immigration rights)[76]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Finland	December 2006	Registered partnership (expansion)[77][78]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Spain	March 2007	Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[70]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Colombia	June 2007	Civil union[79]	29	34	62	43	—	No
Hungary	December 2007	Registered partnership[80]	—		185	154	Signed	No[a 7]
Uruguay	December 2007	Cohabitation union[81][82]	17	5	Passed		Signed	Yes
Iceland	May 2008	Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[83][84]	—		54	0	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Norway	June 2008	Marriage[85]	23	17	84	41	Signed	Yes
Ecuador	September 2008	De facto union[86]	General constitutional referendum (69.46%)					Yes
Portugal	October 2008	Marriage[87]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	October 2008	Marriage[87]	—		Failed		—	No
United Kingdom	November 2008	Civil partnership (expansion)[88]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australia	November 2008	De facto relationship[89]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Sweden	April 2009	Marriage[90]	—		261	22	—[a 1]	Yes
Hungary	April 2009	Registered partnership[91][92]	—		199	159	Signed	Yes
France	May 2009	Recognition of unions performed abroad as PACS[93]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Finland	May 2009	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[94]	—		108	29	Signed	Yes
Denmark	June 2009	Registered partnership (expansion)[95]	—		107	2	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Portugal	August 2009	De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[96]	—		Passed		Vetoed	No
Uruguay	September 2009	Cohabitation union (expansion: adoption rights)[97][98]	17	6	40	13	Signed	Yes
Austria	December 2009	Registered partnership[99]	44	8	110	64	Signed	Yes
Portugal	January 2010	Marriage[100]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	January 2010	Marriage[101]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	January 2010	Registered civil union[102]	—		Failed		—	No
Australia	February 2010	Marriage[103]	5	45	—	—	—	No
Portugal	May 2010	Marriage[104]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Denmark	May 2010	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[105]	—		60	54	Signed	Yes[a 2]
Denmark	June 2010	Marriage[106]	—		52	57	—	No
Iceland	June 2010	Marriage[107][108]	—		49	0	Signed	Yes
Ireland	July 2010	Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[109][110]	48	4	Passed		Signed	Yes
Argentina	July 2010	Marriage[111]	33	27	126	110	Signed	Yes
Luxembourg	August 2010	Partnership (expansion)[112]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Portugal	August 2010	De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[113][114]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Germany	September 2010	Marriage[115]	Failed		—		—	No
Germany	October 2010	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[116]	—		Failed		—	No
Germany	April 2011	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law and adoption rights)[117]	Failed		—		—	No
Liechtenstein	June 2011	Registered partnership[118]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
			Specific referendum (68.76%)
France	June 2011	Marriage[119]	—	—	222	293	—	No
Germany	June 2011	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[120]	Failed		—		—	No
Portugal	February 2012	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[121]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	February 2012	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[121]	—		Failed		—	No
Slovenia	March 2012	Partnership (expansion)[122]	Specific referendum (45.36%)					No
Israel	May 2012	Marriage[123]	—		11	39	—	No
Denmark	June 2012	Marriage[124]	—		85	24	Signed	Yes
Germany	June 2012	Marriage[125][126]	—	—	260	309	—	No
San Marino	June 2012	Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[127]	—		33	20	Signed	Yes
Australia	September 2012	Marriage[128]	—	—	42	98	—	No
Australia	September 2012	Marriage[129]	26	41	—	—	—	No
Germany	October 2012	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[130]	—	—	253	288	—	No
Slovakia	November 2012	Registered partnership[131]	—		14	94	—	No
Poland	January 2013	Registered partnership[132][133]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Poland	January 2013	Registered partnership[134][135]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Poland	January 2013	Registered partnership[136]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Poland	January 2013	Registered partnership[137]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Poland	January 2013	Partnership agreement[138][139]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Germany	March 2013	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[140][141]	Passed		—	—	—	No
Germany	March 2013	Marriage[142]	Passed		—	—	—	No
New Zealand	April 2013	Marriage[143]	—		77	44	Signed	Yes
Colombia	April 2013	Marriage[144]	17	51	—	—	—	No
Uruguay	May 2013	Marriage[145][146]	23	8	71	21	Signed	Yes
Portugal	May 2013	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147]	—		77	104	—	No
Portugal	May 2013	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	May 2013	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[147]	—		Failed		—	No
France	May 2013	Marriage[148][149]	171	165	331	225	Signed	Yes
Australia	June 2013	Recognition of marriage performed abroad[150]	28	44	—	—	—	No
Germany	July 2013	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[151][152]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
United Kingdom (England and Wales)	July 2013	Marriage[153][154]	Passed		366	161	Signed	Yes
Austria	July 2013	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[155][156]	45	8	Passed		Signed	Yes
Philippines	October 2013	Registered partnership[157]	—		Failed		—	No
Netherlands	December 2013	Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[158][159]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Portugal	March 2014	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[160]	—		107	112	—	No
Malta	April 2014	Civil union[161]	—		37	0	Signed	Yes
Belgium	May 2014	Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[162][163]	48	2	114	10	Signed	Yes
Germany	May 2014	Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[164][165]	—	—	111	432	—	No
Andorra	May 2014	Marriage[166][167]	—		6	21	—	No
Germany	June 2014	Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[168]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Romania	June 2014	Civil partnership[169][170]	2	110	4	298	—	No
Luxembourg	June 2014	Marriage[171][172]	—		56	4	—[a 8]	Yes
Croatia	July 2014	Life partnership[173]	—		89	16	—[a 9]	Yes
Germany	July 2014	Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[174][175][176]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
San Marino	September 2014	Recognition of marriage performed abroad[177]	—		15	35	—	No
Argentina	October 2014	Cohabitation union[178][179]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Andorra	December 2014	Civil union[180][181]	—		20	3	Signed	Yes
Portugal	January 2015	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183]	—		89	119	—	No
Portugal	January 2015	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183]	—		91	119	—	No
Portugal	January 2015	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[182][183]	—		91	120	—	No
Portugal	January 2015	Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[182][183]	—		Failed		—	No
Ireland	April 2015	Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: step-adoption rights)[184][185]	20	2	Passed		Signed	Yes
Chile	April 2015	Civil union agreement[186][187]	25	6	78	9	Signed	Yes
Ecuador	June 2015	De facto union (expansion)[188][189][190][191]	—		89	1	Signed	Yes
Israel	July 2015	Civil union[192]	—		39	50	—	No
Israel	July 2015	Marriage[192]	—		39	50	—	No
Ireland	August 2015	Marriage (constitutional amendment)[193]	29	3	Passed		Signed	Yes
			Specific constitutional referendum (62.07%)
	October 2015	Marriage (statutory legislation)[194][195][196]	Passed		Passed		Signed
Germany	November 2015	Registered life partnership (expansion)[197][198]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes[a 2]
Cyprus	December 2015	Civil cohabitation[199][200]	—		39	12	Signed	Yes
Romania	December 2015	Civil partnership[201][202][203]	8	49	Failed		—	No
Slovenia	December 2015	Marriage[204][205]	—[a 4]		51	28	—	No
			Specific referendum (36.53%)
Greece	December 2015	Cohabitation agreement[206]	—		194	55	Signed	Yes
Estonia	October 2014	Cohabitation agreement (framework law)[207][208]	—		40	38	Signed	Yes
	January 2016	Cohabitation agreement (implementation law)[209][210]	—		Failed		—	No
Portugal	February 2016	Marriage and de facto union (expansion: adoption rights)[211]	—		Passed		Vetoed [a 6]	Yes
Israel	February 2016	Civil union[212]	—		40	47	—	No
Switzerland	March 2016	Registered partnership (expansion: immigration rights)[213][214]	—	—	122	62	—	No
Luxembourg	April 2016	Recognition of marriage performed abroad before 1 January 2015[215]	—		50	3	—[a 8]	Yes
Slovenia	April 2016	Partnership (expansion)[216][217]	—[a 4]		54	15	—[a 9]	Yes
Italy	May 2016	Civil union and cohabitation agreement[218][219][220]	173	71	372	51	Signed	Yes
Portugal	June 2016	Marriage and de facto union (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[221]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Switzerland	June 2016	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[222][223]	25	14	125	68	—	Yes
Liechtenstein	November 2016	Registered partnership (expansion)[224][225]	—		25	0	Signed	Yes
Greece	December 2016	Cohabitation agreement (expansion)[226][227]	—		201	21	Signed	Yes
Austria	December 2016	Registered partnership (expansion)[228]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Finland	February 2015	Marriage (framework law)[229]	—		101	90	Signed	Yes
	April 2016	Marriage (implementation laws)[230][231][232]	—		106	42	Signed
	January 2017		—		128	28	Signed
Malta	April 2017	Cohabitation[233]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Lithuania	June 2017	Partnership[234][235]	—		29	59	—	No
Ireland	July 2017	Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[236][237]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Germany	July 2017	Marriage[238][239][240]	Passed		393	226	Signed	Yes
Malta	August 2017	Marriage[241][242]	—		66	1	Signed	Yes
China	October 2017	Legal Guardianship[243]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Philippines	October 2017	Civil partnership[244]	—		Failed		—	No
Chile	November 2017	Civil union agreement (expansion)[245][246][247][248]	15	0	70	0	Signed	Yes
Australia	December 2017	Marriage[249][250]	43	12	131	4	Signed	Yes
Finland	April 2018	Marriage (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[251]	—		122	42	Signed	Yes
Greece	May 2018	Cohabitation agreement (expansion: foster care)[252][253]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Israel	June 2018	Marriage[254]	—		39	42	—	No
Malta	June 2018	Marriage, civil union and cohabitation (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[255][256]	—		34	27	Signed	Yes
Slovakia	September 2018	Registered partnership[257][258]	—		Failed		—	No
San Marino	November 2018	Civil union[259][260]	—		40	4	Signed	Yes
Mexico	November 2018	Marriage (codification of federal recognition)[261][262][263][264][265]	110	0	415	0	Published	Yes
Cuba	December 2018	Marriage[266][267]	—		Failed		—	No
Germany	December 2018	Marriage (codification)[268][269]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Romania	March 2019	Civil partnership[270][271][272]	2	68	Failed		—	No
Taiwan	May 2019	Marriage[273][274]	—		66	27	Signed	Yes
Philippines	July 2019	Civil partnership[275][276]	—		Failed		—	No
Philippines	July 2019	Registered partnership[277]	Failed		—		—	No
Austria	July 2019	Marriage (expansion)[278][279]	Passed		Passed		—	Yes
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland)	July 2019	Marriage[280][281]	Passed		328	65	Signed	Yes
Montenegro	July 2019	Life partnership[282]	—		38	4	—	No
Monaco	December 2019	Cohabitation agreement[283]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Montenegro	July 2020	Life partnership[284]	—		42	5	Signed	Yes
Lithuania	May 2021	Partnership[285]	—		63	58	—	No
San Marino	June 2021	Civil union (expansion)[286]	—		31	1	Signed	Yes
France	August 2021	Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[287][288][289]	326	115	Passed		Signed	Yes
Switzerland	September 2021	Marriage[290][291][292]	22	15	132	52	—	Yes
			Specific referendum (64.10%)
Chile	December 2021	Marriage[293][294][295][296][297]	21	8	80	20	Signed	Yes
Costa Rica	May 2022	De facto union[298]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Andorra	August 2022	Marriage[299][300]	—		18	6	Signed	Yes
Cuba	July 2022	Marriage and civil union[301]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
	September 2022		Specific Referendum (66.87%)[302]
Slovenia	October 2022	Marriage and adoption rights (codification)[303][304]	17	11	48	29	Suspensory Veto	Yes
			—		51	24	Published
Slovakia	October 2022	Civil cohabitation[305]	—		31	53	—	No
United States	December 2022	Marriage (codification of federal recognition; requiring states and territories to recognize)[306]	61	36	259	168	Signed	Yes
Latvia	December 2022	Civil union[307]	—		—		Failed	No
Peru	December 2022	Marriage[308]	—		—		Failed	No
Andorra	January 2023	Marriage (codification)[309]	—		23	1	Signed	Yes
Taiwan	June 2023	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[310]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Estonia	June 2023	Marriage[311][312]	—		55	34	Signed	Yes
Latvia	January 2024	Partnership[313][314]	—		53	43	Signed	Yes
Greece	February 2024	Marriage[315][316]	—		175	77	Signed	Yes
Czech Republic	April 2024	Partnership (expansion) [317][318][319]	Passed		123	36	Signed	Yes
Liechtenstein	May 2024	Marriage[320][321]	—		24	1	Signed	Yes
Thailand	June 2024	Marriage	130	4	400	10	Signed	Yes
Italy	Unknown	Marriage[322][323]	Proposed		Proposed
Kosovo	Unknown	Civil union[324]	—		Proposed
Poland	Unknown	Civil partnership[325]	Proposed		Proposed

Notes:

1. According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
2. Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
3. Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
4. The Slovenian Parliament is incompletely bicameral.
5. The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
6. Veto overridden.
7. Ruled unconstitutional.
8. Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
9. The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.

Sub-national level

See also: Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such powers to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of 24 December 2024, there are 32 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide that have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are:

• In Japan:
  • 30 prefectures of Japan (Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Fukui, Fukuoka, Fukushima, Gifu, Gunma, Hyōgo, Ibaraki, Kagawa, Mie, Nagano, Nara, Niigata, Osaka, Ōita, Saga, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori, Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, and Yamanashi);
• Two British overseas territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands).

For the time being, 63 sub-national jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage in nations where same-sex marriage is not legal throughout the nation's territory. Those are:

• Fifty-one Native American Tribal Nations, namely the Ak-Chin Indian Community, the Bay Mills Indian Community, the Blackfeet Nation, the Blue Lake Rancheria, the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska, the Cherokee Nation, the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, the Chickasaw Nation, the Choctaw Nation, the Colorado River Indian Tribes, the Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians, the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon, the Coquille Indian Tribe, the Eastern Shoshone Tribe, the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, the Fort McDermitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes, the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa, the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, the Hannahville Indian Community, the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, the Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel, the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, the Northern Arapaho Tribe, the Oglala Sioux Tribe, the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, the Osage Nation, the Pascua Yaqui Tribe, the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska, the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, the Prairie Island Indian Community, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, the San Carlos Apache Tribe, the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe, the Stockbridge-Munsee Community, the Suquamish Tribe, the Tulalip, the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of North Dakota, the White Mountain Apache Tribe, the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, and the Yavapai-Apache Nation.
• The British Overseas Territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey, and Guernsey's own dependencies of Alderney and Sark.
• Aruba and Curaçao, constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

State/Territory	Country	Date	Same-sex union	Upper House		Lower house		Head of State	Law enacted?
				Yes	No	Yes	No
British Columbia	Canada	July 1992	Marriage-like relationship[326][327]	—		30	17	Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1993	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[328]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1993	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[329]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1993	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[330]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	May 1994	Domestic relationship[331]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ontario	Canada	June 1994	Domestic partnership[332]	—		58	69	—	No
British Columbia	Canada	June 1995	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[333]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1995	Marriage-like relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[334]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Greenland	Denmark	May 1993	Inatsisartut: Registered partnership (resolution)[335]	—		15	0	—	Yes
		April 1996	Folketing: Registered partnership (statutory law)[336][337]	—		104	1	Signed
Ceuta	Spain	April 1997	De facto union[338]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1997	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[339]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Catalonia	Spain	June 1998	Stable couple union[340][341]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yukon	Canada	December 1998	Unregistered cohabitation[342]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Aragon	Spain	March 1999	Stable non-married couple[340][343]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yukon	Canada	April 1999	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[344][345]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Alberta	Canada	May 1999	Unregistered cohabitation[346]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Quebec	Canada	May 1999	De facto union[347]	—		80	0	Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	June 1999	De facto relationship[348]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 1999	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[349]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ontario	Canada	October 1999	Conjugal relationship[350]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Navarre	Spain	July 2000	Stable couple[340][351]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Castile-La Mancha	Spain	July 2000	De facto couple[352]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	July 2000	Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[353]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	August 2000	Domestic relationship (expansion)[354]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Nova Scotia	Canada	November 2000	Domestic partnership[355][356]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	December 2000	Conjugal relationship[357]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Brunswick	Canada	December 2000	Family relationship[358]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Geneva	Switzerland	February 2001	Registered partnership[359][360]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Valencia	Spain	April 2001	De facto union[361]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	June 2001	Domestic relationship[362]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Manitoba	Canada	July 2001	Common-law relationships[363]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Saskatchewan	Canada	July 2001	Spousal relationship[364]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Saskatchewan	Canada	July 2001	Spousal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[365]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	November 2001	Domestic relationship (expansion)[366]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	December 2001	Conjugal relationship (expansion)[367]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Balearic Islands	Spain	December 2001	Stable couple[368]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Madrid	Spain	December 2001	De facto union[340][369]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	April 2002	Conjugal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[370]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Western Australia	Australia	April 2002	De facto relationship[371]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yukon	Canada	May 2002	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[372]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Asturias	Spain	May 2002	Stable couple[373]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Northwest Territories	Canada	June 2002	Unregistered cohabitation[344][374]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Quebec	Canada	June 2002	Civil union[375]	—		87	0	Signed	Yes
Manitoba	Canada	August 2002	Common-law relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[376]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Manitoba	Canada	August 2002	Common-law relationship (expansion)[377]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Zürich	Switzerland	September 2002	Registered partnership[378]	Specific cantonal referendum (62.70%)					Yes
New South Wales	Australia	October 2002	De facto relationship (expansion)[379][380]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Castile and León	Spain	October 2002	De facto union[381]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Alberta	Canada	December 2002	Adult interdependent relationship[382]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	December 2002	De facto relationship[383]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Andalusia	Spain	December 2002	De facto couple[340][384]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Prince Edward Island	Canada	December 2002	Unregistered cohabitation[385]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Autonomous City of Buenos Aires	Argentina	January 2003	Civil union[386][387]	—		29	10	Signed	Yes
Canary Islands	Spain	March 2003	De facto couple[340][388]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Extremadura	Spain	March 2003	De facto couple[340][389]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Basque Country	Spain	May 2003	De facto couple[340][390]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Río Negro	Argentina	May 2003	Civil union[391]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	June 2003	Unregistered cohabitation[392]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	September 2003	Significant relationship and caring relationship[393]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	January 2004	Domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[394]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Neuchâtel	Switzerland	January 2004	Registered partnership[395]	—		65	38	Signed	Yes
Northern Territory	Australia	January 2004	De facto relationship[396][397]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Aragon	Spain	May 2004	Stable non-married couple (expansion: adoption rights)[398]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Fribourg	Switzerland	May 2004	Registered partnership[395][399]	General cantonal referendum (58.03%)					Yes
City of Sydney	Australia	July 2004	Relationship declaration program[400]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Quebec	Canada	November 2004	Marriage (codification)[401]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ontario	Canada	March 2005	Marriage (codification)[402]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Northwest Territories	Canada	March 2005	Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[403]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Catalonia	Spain	April 2005	Stable couple union (expansion: adoption rights)[404][405]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Cantabria	Spain	May 2005	De facto couple[406]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	United Kingdom	November 2005	Civil partnership[407]	—				Signed	Yes
Isle of Man	United Kingdom	November 2005	Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[408]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Norfolk Island	Australia	February 2006	De facto relationship[409]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	June 2006	Civil union[410]	—		Passed		Signed	No[b 1]
Mexico City	Mexico	November 2006	Coexistence partnership[411]	—		43	17	Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	December 2006	Domestic partnership agreement[412]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Coahuila	Mexico	January 2007	Civil pact of solidarity[413]	—		20	13	Signed	Yes
Scotland	United Kingdom	January 2007	Civil partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[414][415]	—		101	6	Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	February 2007	Civil partnership[416]	—		Passed		Signed	No[b 1]
Alberta	Canada	February 2007	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[417]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Brunswick	Canada	March 2007	Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[346]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
City of Melbourne	Australia	April 2007	Relationship declaration program[418]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
City of Yarra	Australia	May 2007	Relationship declaration program[419]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Villa Carlos Paz	Argentina	November 2007	Civil union[420]	—		12	6	Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	November 2007	De facto relationship (expansion)[421]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Galicia	Spain	December 2007	De facto couple[422]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Melilla	Spain	January 2008	De facto couple[423]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	April 2008	Registered domestic relationship[424]	29	10	54	24	Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	May 2008	Civil partnership[425]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Prince Edward Island	Canada	May 2008	Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[426]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	June 2008	De facto relationship (expansion)[427]	Passed		64	11	Signed	Yes
Manitoba	Canada	October 2008	Marriage (codification)[428]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	December 2008	Registered domestic relationship (expansion)[429]	Passed		47	34	Signed	Yes
Municipality of Woollahra	Australia	December 2008	Relationship declaration program[430]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Brunswick	Canada	December 2008	Marriage (codification) and family relationship (expansion)[431]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Río Cuarto	Argentina	May 2009	Civil union[432]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Greenland	Denmark	May 2009	Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[433]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New Caledonia	France	May 2009	Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[434][435]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Wallis and Futuna	France	May 2009	Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[434][435]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	May 2009	Marriage (codification)[436]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Scotland	United Kingdom	June 2009	Civil partnership (expansion)[437]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	September 2009	Significant relationship (expansion)[438]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	November 2009	Civil partnership (expansion)[439]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador	Canada	December 2009	Marriage (codification)[440]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Mexico City	Mexico	December 2009	Marriage[441]	—		39	20	Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	February 2010	De facto relationship (expansion)[442]	—		45	36	Signed	Yes
City of Blue Mountains	Australia	March 2010	Relationship declaration program[443]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	May 2010	Registered relationship[444][445]	32	5	62	9	Signed	Yes
La Rioja	Spain	May 2010	De facto couple[446]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Vienna	Austria	June 2010	Registered partnership (expansion)[447][448]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Catalonia	Spain	July 2010	Marriage (codification)[449]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	September 2010	Registered relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[450][451][452]	22	15	45	43	Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	October 2010	Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[453][454]	Passed		22	3	Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	November 2010	Registered relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[455]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	Netherlands	December 2010	Recognition of unions performed aboard[456]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Isle of Man	United Kingdom	March 2011	Civil partnership[457]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	June 2011	Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[458]	14	5	24	15	Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	July 2011	Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[459]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Nunavut	Canada	October 2011	Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[460]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
British Columbia	Canada	November 2011	Marriage (codification)[461]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	December 2011	Civil partnership[462][463]	—		47	40	Signed	Yes[b 2]
Guernsey	United Kingdom	December 2011	Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[464]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Jersey	United Kingdom	December 2011	Civil partnership[465][466]	—		33	0	Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	June 2012	Registered relationship[467][468]	—		69	8	Signed	Yes[b 3]
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	September 2012	Civil union[469][470]	—		11	6	Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	September 2012	Marriage[471][472]	6	8	13	11	—	No
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba	Netherlands	October 2012	Marriage[473]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	October 2012	Significant relationship (expansion)[474][475]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
City of Vincent	Australia	December 2012	Relationship declaration program[476]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Macau	China	March 2013	Civil union[477]	—		Failed		—	No
South Australia	Australia	July 2013	Marriage[478]	—	—	Failed		—	No
Tasmania	Australia	July 2013	Significant relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[479][480]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Colima	Mexico	July 2013	Civil union[481][482][483]	—		17	2	—	Yes[b 4]
		August 2013		—		Passed		Signed
Tasmania	Australia	October 2013	Marriage[484]	6	8	—	—	—	No
Australian Capital Territory	Australia	October 2013	Marriage[485]	—		9	8	Signed	No[b 5]
Jalisco	Mexico	October 2013	Civil union[486]	—		20	15	Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	November 2013	Marriage[487]	19	21	—	—	—	No
Campeche	Mexico	December 2013	Civil union[488]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Coahuila	Mexico	February 2014	Civil pact of solidarity (expansion: adoption rights)[489]	—		23	2	Signed	Yes
Scotland	United Kingdom	March 2014	Marriage[490][491]	—		105	18	Signed	Yes
Faroe Islands	Denmark	March 2014	Marriage[492]	—		11	20	—	No
Gibraltar	United Kingdom	March 2014	Civil partnership[493][494]	—		16	0	Signed	Yes
Durango	Mexico	April 2014	Marriage[495]	—		Failed		—	No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia	United Kingdom	April 2014	Marriage[496]	—				Signed	Yes
British Indian Ocean Territory	United Kingdom	April 2014	Marriage[496]	—				Signed	Yes
Alberta	Canada	May 2014	Marriage (codification)[497]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Coahuila	Mexico	September 2014	Marriage[498][499][500]	—		19	1	Signed	Yes
New South Wales	Australia	November 2014	Out-of-state unions as registered relationship[501]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yukon	Canada	December 2014	Marriage (codification)[502]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Pitcairn Islands	United Kingdom	May 2015	Marriage[503]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Town of Port Hedland	Australia	August 2015	Relationship declaration program[504][505][506]	—		6	2	Signed	Yes
Michoacán	Mexico	September 2015	Domestic partnership[507][508]	—		34	0	Signed	Yes
Alderney	United Kingdom	November 2015	Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad[509][510][511]	—		10	0	Signed	Yes
Guernsey	United Kingdom	December 2015	Recognition of marriage performed abroad[512][513][514]	—		Passed		—[b 6]	Yes
Victoria	Australia	December 2015	Registered domestic relationship and domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[515][516]	31	8	Passed		Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	December 2015	Civil partnership[517][518]	—		64	22	Signed	Yes
Nayarit	Mexico	December 2015	Marriage and concubinage[519]	—		26	1	Signed	Yes
Greenland	Denmark	May 2015	Inatsisartut: Marriage (resolution)[520][521]	—		27	0	—	Yes
		February 2016	Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[522]	—		108	0	Signed
Victoria	Australia	February 2016	Out-of-state union as registered domestic relationship[523][524]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Azuay	Ecuador	March 2016	Registered symbolic marriage[525]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Campeche	Mexico	May 2016	Marriage[526][527][528][529]	—		34	1	Signed	Yes
Guernsey	United Kingdom	May 2016	Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad (expansion)[530][531][532]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Colima	Mexico	June 2016	Marriage[533][534]	—		24	0	Signed	Yes
Michoacán	Mexico	June 2016	Marriage and concubinage[535][536]	—		27	0	Signed	Yes
Ascension Island	United Kingdom	June 2016	Marriage[537][538]	—		5	0	Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	July 2016	Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[539][540][541]	Passed		29	12	Signed	Yes
Morelos	Mexico	July 2016	Marriage and concubinage[542]	—		20	6	Signed	Yes
Isle of Man	United Kingdom	July 2016	Marriage[543][544][545]	6	3	17	3	Signed	Yes
Aruba	Netherlands	September 2016	Registered partnership[546][547][548]	—		11	5	Signed	Yes
British Antarctic Territory	United Kingdom	October 2016	Marriage[549][550]	—				Signed	Yes
Gibraltar	United Kingdom	November 2016	Marriage[551][552]	—		15	0	Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	November 2016	Civil partnership and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[553][554]	—		44	43	Signed	Yes
San Luis Potosí	Mexico	November 2016	Marriage[555][556]	—		Failed		—	No
Ontario	Canada	December 2016	Marriage and conjugal relationship (expansion: automatic co-parenthood)[557][558]	—		79	0	Signed	Yes
Victoria	Australia	December 2016	Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[559][b 7]	19	19	45	35	—	No
South Australia	Australia	December 2016	Registered relationship[560]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	December 2016	Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[561][562][563]	13	4	27	16	Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	December 2016	Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[564][b 8]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tlaxcala	Mexico	January 2017	Domestic partnership[565][566][567]	—		18	4	Signed	Yes
Durango	Mexico	January 2017	Marriage[568]	—		4	15	—	No
Mexico City	Mexico	January 2017	Marriage (constitutional codification)[569]	—		Passed		—	Yes
Northwest Territories	Canada	March 2017	Marriage (codification)[570]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	March 2017	Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: surrogacy)[571]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
South Australia	Australia	April 2017	Registered relationship (expansion)[572]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Falkland Islands	United Kingdom	April 2017	Marriage and civil partnership[573][574]	—		7	1	Signed	Yes
Guernsey	United Kingdom	December 2015	Marriage (agreement in principle)[575][576]	—		37	7	—	Yes
		December 2016	Marriage (primary legislation)[577][578]	—		33	5	Signed
		April 2017	Marriage (secondary legislation)[579]	—		Passed		—
Faroe Islands	Denmark	April 2016	Løgting: Marriage (resolution)[580][581][582]	—		19	14	—	Yes
		May 2017	Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[583][584]	—		108	0	Signed
Tristan da Cunha	United Kingdom	August 2017	Marriage[585][586]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Nova Scotia	Canada	October 2017	Marriage (codification)[587][588]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Saint Helena	United Kingdom	December 2017	Marriage[589][590]	—		9	2	Signed	Yes
Bermuda	United Kingdom	February 2018	Domestic partnership[591][592]	8	3	24	10	Signed	Yes
Northern Territory	Australia	April 2018	Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[593]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Jersey	United Kingdom	September 2015	Marriage (agreement in principle)[594]	—		37	4	—	Yes
		May 2018	Marriage (statutory legislation)[595]	—		42	1	Signed
Victoria	Australia	May 2018	Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[596][597]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Alderney	United Kingdom	December 2017	Marriage (primary legislation)[598]	—		9	0	Signed	Yes
		June 2018	Marriage (secondary legislation)[599]	—		Passed		—
New South Wales	Australia	June 2018	Marriage (codification and expansion)[600]	34	2	Passed		Signed	Yes
Queensland	Australia	June 2018	Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[601][602]	—		86	4	Signed	Yes
Murcia	Spain	July 2018	De facto couple[603][604]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Northern Territory	Australia	December 2018	Marriage (codification and expansion)[605]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Western Australia	Australia	February 2019	Marriage (expansion: ending forced divorce for transgender individuals)[606]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Tasmania	Australia	May 2019	Marriage (codification and expansion)[607]	7	6	12	11	Signed	Yes
San Luis Potosí	Mexico	May 2019	Marriage and concubinage[608][609]	—		14	12	Signed	Yes
Hidalgo	Mexico	May 2019	Marriage and concubinage[610]	—		18	2	Signed	Yes
Sinaloa	Mexico	June 2019	Marriage and concubinage[611]	—		18	20	—	No
Ibaraki Prefecture	Japan	June 2019	Partnership certificate[612]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Baja California Sur	Mexico	June 2019	Marriage[613]	—		14	5	Signed	Yes
Zacatecas	Mexico	August 2019	Marriage[614]	—		11	13	—	No
Oaxaca	Mexico	October 2019	Marriage (codification)[615]	—		25	10	Signed	Yes
Sark	United Kingdom	October 2019	Marriage (agreement in principle)[616]	—		Passed		—	Yes
		March 2020	Marriage (primary legislation)[617]	—		Passed		Signed
		April 2020	Marriage (secondary legislation)[618]	—		Passed		—
Cayman Islands	United Kingdom	July 2020	Domestic partnership[619]	—		8	9	—	No
Baja California	Mexico	July 2020	Marriage (Constitutional codification)[620][621][622]	—		16	9	—	No
Curaçao	Netherlands	September 2020	Marriage[623]	—				Withdrawn[624]	No
Cayman Islands	United Kingdom	September 2020	Civil partnership[625]	—				Signed	Yes
Puebla	Mexico	November 2020	Marriage (codification)[626][627]	—		31	5	Signed	Yes
Gunma Prefecture	Japan	December 2020	Partnership oath[628]	—		—		Signed	Yes
Tlaxcala	Mexico	December 2020	Marriage[629]	—		16	3	Signed	Yes
Western Australia	Australia	2020	Marriage and de facto relationship (expansion: surrogacy)[630]	--		Passed			No
Sinaloa	Mexico	June 2021	Marriage[631]	—		23	0	Signed	Yes
Baja California	Mexico	June 2021	Marriage (Constitutional codification)[632]	—		18	4	Ratified by municipalities	Yes
Yucatán	Mexico	August 2021	Marriage (Constitutional codification)[633]	—		20	5	Published	Yes
Saga Prefecture	Japan	August 2021	Partnership certificate[634]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Mie Prefecture	Japan	September 2021	Partnership certificate[635]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Querétaro	Mexico	September 2021	Marriage, concubinage, adoption[636][637]	—		20	3	Published	Yes
Sonora	Mexico	September 2021	Marriage[638]	—		25	8	Signed	Yes
Zacatecas	Mexico	December 2021	Marriage[639]	—		18	10	Published	Yes
Aomori Prefecture	Japan	February 2022	Partnership certificate[640]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Yucatán	Mexico	March 2022	Marriage[641]	—		25	0	Published	Yes
Akita Prefecture	Japan	April 2022	Partnership certificate[642]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Fukuoka Prefecture	Japan	April 2022	Partnership certificate[643]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Jalisco	Mexico	April 2022	Marriage (codification)[644]	—		25	8	Published	Yes
Tamaulipas	Mexico	May 2022	Marriage[645]	—		Failed		—	No
Veracruz	Mexico	June 2022	Marriage (codification)[646][647][648]	—		38	4	Published	Yes
Aguascalientes	Mexico	August 2022	Marriage[649]	—		Failed		—	No
Quintana Roo	Mexico	August 2022	Marriage expansion (adoption)[650]			Passed		Signed	Yes
Tochigi Prefecture	Japan	September 2022	Partnership certificate[651]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Durango	Mexico	September 2022	Marriage (codification)[652][647][653]	—		15	9	Signed	Yes
Tabasco	Mexico	October 2022	Marriage[654]	—		23	5	Signed	Yes
Tokyo Metropolis	Japan	November 2022	Partnership certificate[655]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Edomex	Mexico	November 2022	Marriage and concubinage[656][657]	—		50	16	Signed	Yes
Tamaulipas	Mexico	November 2022	Marriage[658][659]	—		23	12	Signed	Yes
Guerrero	Mexico	December 2022	Marriage and concubinage[660]	—		38	6	Signed	Yes
Nuevo León	Mexico	June 2023	Marriage (codification) and concubinage [661]	—		23	10	Signed	Yes
Baja California Sur	Mexico	March 2024	Marriage (expansion: adoption)[662]	—		Passed		Vetoed	Pending
Aruba	Netherlands	June 2024	Marriage [663][664][665]	—		10	10	Failed	No

Note:

1. Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
2. Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
3. Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
4. Repealed in May 2016.
5. Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
6. Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.
7. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was debated.
8. Same-sex marriage was not legal in Australia when the bill was passed.

Prohibition of same-sex unions

Legislative efforts

Various countries have passed (or tried to pass) legislation to prevent same-sex marriage or repeal the existing laws (in some cases including criminalization or fines). Sometimes approving explicit bans or defining marriage as solely the union between a man and a woman, excluding all others.

National level

Country	Date	Ban on	Upper house		Lower house		Head of state	Final outcome
			Yes	No	Yes	No
El Salvador	February 1858	Marriage [666]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Colombia	May 1873	Marriage [667]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 1]
Costa Rica	January 1888	Marriage [668]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 2]
Jamaica	1897	Marriage [669]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Italy	March 1942	Marriage [670]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Eswatini	1952	Adoption [671]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Fiji	January 1969	Marriage [672]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
United Kingdom (England and Walles)	July 1973	Marriage [673]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 3]
Scotland	May 1977	Marriage [674]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 4]
Venezuela	July 1982	Marriage [675]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Peru	July 1984	Marriage [676]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ecuador	July 1984	Marriage [677][678]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 5]
Honduras	August 1984	Marriage [679]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Paraguay	January 1985	Marriage and free union [680]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Cuba	1987	Marriage [681]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 6]
Philippines	July 1987	Marriage (explicit recognition of only heterosexual marriage)[682]	—		—		Signed	Yes
Angola	1988	Marriage and de facto union [683]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
China	1992	Adoption [684]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
United States	September 1996	Marriage (federal recognition and allows states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages granted under the laws of other states)[685]	85	14	342	67	Signed	Yes [e 7]
Philippines	1998	Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)[686]	Failed		—		—	No
United States	July 1999	Adoption (federal law, ban only for District of Columbia )[687]	—		213	215		No
Kenya	July 2001	Adoption (couples and single LGBT person) [688]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Fiji	2002	Marriage (explicit ban) [689]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Northern Ireland	October 2003	Marriage [690]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 8]
Philippines	July 2004	Marriage (explicit non-recognition of unions performed abroad)[691]	Failed		—		—	No
Philippines	2004	Marriage (explicit limitation of marriage to heterosexual cisgender couples)[686][692]	Failed		Failed		—	No
Australia	August 2004	Marriage [693][694]	38	6	Passed		Signed	Yes [e 9]
New Zealand	May 2005	Marriage [695]	—		47	73		No
Canada	December 2006	Marriage [696]	—		123	175		No
China	May 2007	Adoption of Chinese children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries [684]	—		—		Signed	Yes
Greece	July 2008	Civil Union [697]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes [e 10]
Ethiopia	July 2009	Marriage [698]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Philippines	December 2009	Marriage (criminalization)[699]	—		Failed		—	No
Lesotho	2011	Adoption [700]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Mali	December 2011	Adoption [701]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Russia	September 2012	Marriage[702]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Russia	June 2013	Adoption of Russian children by LGBT couples and single people in foreign countries that recognise same-sex unions[703]	Passed		400	4	Signed	Yes
Uganda	December 2013	All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[704]	—		Passed		Signed	No [e 11]
Nigeria	January 2014	All types of same-sex unions and adoption(criminalization) [705]	109	0	Passed		Signed	Yes
Vietnam	June 2014	Marriage and cohabitation [706]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Malawi	April 2015	Marriage (criminalization)[707][708]	—		193	0	Signed	Yes
Nicaragua	April 2015	Marriage, free unions and adoption [709]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Panama	October 2015	Marriage (recognition of foreign unions) [710]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Haiti	August 2017	Marriage (criminalization)[711][712]	14	1	Failed			No
Estonia	August 2017	Civil Union [713]	—		19	47		No
Bolivia	June 2018	Marriage and free union [714]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Honduras	August 2018	Adoption [715]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Nepal	August 2018	Marriage [716]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Zimbabwe	May 2019	Marriage [717]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Mozambique	December 2019	Marriage and domestic unions [718]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
China	January 2021	Marriage [719][720]	—		2879	2	Signed	Yes
Panama	March 2021	Adoption [721]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Guatemala	March 2022	Marriage (criminalization)[722][723]	—		152	8		No [e 12]
Latvia	April 2023	Adoption [724]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Uganda	June 2023	All types of same-sex unions and adoption (criminalization)[725][726]	—		384	1	Signed	Yes
Hungary	July 2023	Adoption (report same-sex couples which raise children to the state authorities)[727]	—		Passed		Vetoed	No
Russia	July 2023	Marriage, adoption and foster care for trans people.[728]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Georgia	September 2024	Marriage and adoption [729]	—		84	0	Signed	Yes
Namibia	Unknown	Marriage (criminalization) and recognition of foreign unions[730]	Passed		Passed [731]		Pending'
Kenya	Unknown	Same sex unions (criminalization) [732]	—		Pending

Notes:

1. Struck down in April 2016
2. Struck down in May 2020
3. Repealed in December 2013
4. Repealed in February 2014
5. Struck down in July 2019
6. Repealed in September 2022
7. Repealed in December 2022
8. Repealed in July 2019
9. Repealed in December 2017
10. Repealed in December 2015.
11. Struck down by Supreme Court in 2014 on technical grounds
12. Passed by Congress, archived after threat of presidential veto.

Constitutional efforts

Thirty-two countries have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

Cuba was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in February 1976.^[733] Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions.^[734] Vietnam, Cuba, and Ecuador repealed their same-sex marriage bans in November 2013, April 2019, and June 2019, respectively.

As of 24 December 2024, thirty-three countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Croatia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

Country	Date	Ban on	Upper house		Lower house		Head of state	Final outcome
			Yes	No	Yes	No
Cuba	February 1976	Marriage[735]	General referendum (97.7%)					Yes[c 1]
Burkina Faso	June 1991	Marriage[736]	General referendum (92.83%)					Yes
Bulgaria	July 1991	Marriage[737]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Vietnam	April 1992	Marriage[738]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes[c 2]
Paraguay	June 1992	Marriage and de facto union[741]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Lithuania	October 1992	Marriage[742]	General referendum (78.24)					Yes
Cambodia	September 1993	Marriage[743][744]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Belarus	March 1994	Marriage[745]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Moldova	July 1994	Marriage[746]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ukraine	June 1996	Marriage[747]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Poland	May 1997	Marriage[748][749][750][751][752][753]	General referendum (52.71%)				Signed	Yes
Venezuela	December 1999	Marriage and de facto union[754]	General referendum (71.78%)					Yes
Rwanda	May 2003	Marriage[755]	General referendum (93.42%)					Yes
United States	July 2004	Marriage[756]	48	50	227	186	—	No
Burundi	February 2005	Marriage[757]	General referendum (92.02%)					Yes
Honduras	March 2005	Marriage and de facto union[758][759]	—		128	0	Signed	Yes
Uganda	September 2005	Marriage[760]	—		111	17	Signed	Yes
Latvia	December 2005	Marriage[761]	—		65	5	Signed	Yes
DR Congo	December 2005	Marriage[762][763]	General referendum (84.31%)					Yes
United States	July 2006	Marriage[764]	49	48	236	187	—	No[c 3]
Serbia	October 2006	Marriage[765]	General referendum (53.04%)					Yes
Montenegro	October 2007	Marriage[766][767]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes
Ecuador	September 2008	Marriage[768]	General referendum (69.46%)					Yes[c 4]
Palau	November 2008	Marriage[769][770]	Specific referendum (83.56%)					Yes
Bolivia	January 2009	Marriage and free union[771]	General referendum (61.43%)					Yes
El Salvador	October 2009	Marriage[772]	—		46	38	—	No[c 3]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	November 2009	Marriage[773][774]	General referendum (43.71%)					No
Dominican Republic	January 2010	Marriage[775]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Kenya	August 2010	Marriage[776]	General referendum (68.55%)					Yes
Zambia	March 2011	Marriage[777][778]	—		Failed		—	No
Jamaica	April 2011	Marriage and any other similar relationship[779]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Hungary	April 2011	Marriage[780][781][782]	—		262	44	Signed	Yes
South Sudan	July 2011	Marriage[783][784]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
Liberia	June 2012	Marriage[785]	Passed		Failed		—	No
Zimbabwe	March 2013	Marriage[786]	General referendum (94.49%)					Yes
North Macedonia	September 2013	Marriage[787]	—		Failed		—	No
Croatia	December 2013	Marriage[788]	Specific referendum (65.87%)					Yes
El Salvador	February 2014	Marriage[789]	—		Failed		—	No
Slovakia	June 2014	Marriage[790]	—		102	18	—	Yes
North Macedonia	January 2015	Marriage[791][792]	—		Failed		—	No
Slovakia	February 2015	Marriage[793]	Specific referendum (94.50%)					No[c 5]
Armenia	December 2015	Marriage[794][795]	General referendum (63.37%)					Yes
Switzerland	February 2016	Marriage[796]	Specific referendum (49.16%)					No [c 6]
Central African Republic	March 2016	Marriage[797][798]	General referendum (93.00%)				Signed	Yes
Kyrgyzstan	December 2016	Marriage[799]	General referendum (79.59%)					Yes
Georgia	October 2017	Marriage[800][801][802]	—		117	2	Vetoed[c 7]	Yes
Czech Republic	June 2018	Marriage[803][804]	—		Failed			No
Romania	October 2018	Marriage[805][806][807]	107	13	232	22	—	No[c 8]
			Specific referendum (93.40%)
Panama	October 2019	Marriage[808]	—		Withdrawn			No
Russia	July 2020	Marriage[809][810]	Passed		Passed		Signed	Yes
			General referendum (77.92%)
Estonia	January 2021	Marriage[811]	—		29	49	—	No
Honduras	January 2021	Marriage and de facto union (more explicit ban)[812]	—		90	38	Signed	Yes
Belarus	February 2022	Marriage (explicit ban)[813]	General referendum (65.2%)					Yes
Mali	June 2023	Marriage (explicit ban)[814]	General referendum (97%)[815]					Yes
Tuvalu	November 2023	Marriage [816]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes

Notes:

1. Repealed in April 2019
2. Repealed on 1 January 2014, as the 1992 Constitution was replaced by the new one, which does not contain a definition of marriage.^[739][740]
3. Failed to meet the required threshold.
4. Struck down by the Constitutional Court on 12 June 2019
5. Although the amendment received 94.5% of the vote, turnout was only at 21.4%. For referendums in Slovakia to be valid, turnout has to surpass 50% of registered voters.^[793]
6. declared invalid by the Federal Supreme Court in 2019
7. Veto overridden.
8. Although the amendment received majority of the vote, turnout was only at 20.41%. For referendums in Romania to be valid, turnout has to surpass 30% of registered voters.

Sub-national level

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its Constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however, same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban was Yucatán, in July 2009, but since August 2010 the state recognizes same-sex marriages performed in Mexico and in August 2021 local congress removed the heterosexual definition of marriage from the state's constitution.

State/Territory	Country	Date	Ban on	Upper House		Lower house		Head of state	Final outcome
				Yes	No	Yes	No
Morelos	Mexico	November 1930	Marriage[817]	—		Passed		—	Yes[d 1]
Yucatán	Mexico	July 2009	Marriage[819]	—		Passed		—	Yes[d 2]
Baja California	Mexico	May 2011	Marriage[820][821]	—		Passed		Signed	Yes[d 3]
Colima	Mexico	July 2013	Marriage[481][482][824]	—		17	2	—	Yes[d 4]
Zurich	Switzerland	November 2016	Marriage[826][827]	—		52	110	—	No
				Specific referendum (19.09%)
Veracruz	Mexico	July 2018	Marriage[828]	—		32	10	—	No[d 5]

Notes:

1. Repealed in June 2016^[818]
2. Repealed in September 2021
3. Unenforced since November 2017;^[822] repealed in July 2021 ^[823]
4. Repealed in May 2016.^[825]
5. Failed to meet the required threshold.

See also

• LGBT rights by country or territory
• Same-sex union court cases

Notes

1. The Netherlands proper, Aruba, and Curaçao. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Sint Maarten.
2. New Zealand proper.
3. England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland; the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey.
4. 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and multiple tribal nations

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