In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.[14]
In 1796, the settlement was chartered and in 1797, it became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate.[2] In 1806, it was officially renamed Rostov-on-Don.[2] During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade centre and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkiv was completed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.
Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron ore from Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140 industrial businesses. The harbour was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore.
In 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlement of Armenian refugees from Crimea at Nakhichevan-on-Don. The two settlements were separated by a field of wheat. In 1928, the two towns were merged. The former town border lies beneath the Teatralnaya Square of central Rostov-on-Don. By 1928, following the incorporation of the hitherto neighbouring city of Nakhichevan-on-Don, Rostov had become the third-largest city in Russia.
In the early 20th century, epidemics of cholera during the summer months were not uncommon.
During the Russian Civil War, the Whites and the Reds contested Rostov-on-Don, then the most heavily industrialized city of South Russia. By 1928, the regional government had moved from the old Cossack capital of Novocherkassk to Rostov-on-Don.
In the Soviet years, the Bolsheviks demolished two of Rostov-on-Don's principal landmarks: St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (1908) and St. George Cathedral (1783–1807).
During World War II, Nazi German forces occupied Rostov-on-Don, at first from 19/20 November to 2 December 1941,[15] after attacks by the German First Panzer Army in the Battle of Rostov, and then for seven months from 24 July 1942 to 14 February 1943. The town was of strategic importance as a railway junction and a river port accessing the Caucasus, a region rich in oil and minerals. It took ten years to restore the city from the damage during World War II.
In 1942 up to 30,000 Russian Jews were massacred by the German military in Rostov-on-Don at a site called Zmievskaya Balka.
On 23 June 2023, amid the conflict in Ukraine, the Wagner Group, a private military company fighting on behalf of the Russian Federation, declared a rebellion against the Russian Ministry of Defence and took control of Rostov-on-Don.[17] On June 24, after reaching a negotiated settlement with the Russian government and military, the Wagner Group withdrew from the city.[18]
Albert Parry, born in 1901 in Rostov-on-Don, wrote of the summers of his childhood:
There were sultry days of brassy sun, but also cool evenings on the balconies facing the Don River, with the soft glow of charcoal in the samovar, with the ripe cherries crushed by your spoon against the bottom and sides of your glass of scalding tea.[22]
Rostov-on-Don lies in a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa).[23] The winter is moderately cold, with an average January temperature of −3.0 °C (26.6 °F). The lowest recorded temperature of −31.9 °C (−25.4 °F) occurred in January 1940.
Summers are warm and humid; July temperatures average +23.4 °C (74.1 °F). The city's highest recorded temperature of +40.2 °C (104.4 °F) was reported on 7 July 2020. The mean annual precipitation is 643 millimeters (25.3 in), the average wind speed is 2.7 m/s, and the average air humidity is 72%.[24]
Climate data for Rostov-on-Don (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present)
In December 1996, Rostov-on-Don adopted a coat of arms, a flag and a mayoral decoration as the symbols of the town. The first coat of arms of Rostov-on-Don was designed in 1811 and approved by the Tsar. In 1904, some changes were made. One lasting oil painting of the coat-of-arms is kept in the regional local history museum but its accuracy and authenticity are uncertain. In June 1996, the Rostov-on-Don City Duma adopted a variant of the coat-of-arms in which a tower represents the St. Dimitry Rostovsky Fortress. The ancient Russian arms reference the role Rostov played in the defense of Russia's borders. The coat-of-arms adorns the mayor's decoration but all other cases of its use are first considered for approval by the City Duma.
Flag
Flag of Rostov-on-Don
The flag of Rostov-on-Don was approved by the Duma on September 20, 1864. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries the home guard regiments, which defended the Southern borders of Russia, were raised under this flag.[citation needed] The "Flag of Rostov" is kept in the town's municipal building under glass. Its length is 1,370 millimeters (54 in) and width, 850 millimeters (33 in). The flag is taken out of the building only on Victory Day and Rostov-on-Don Day by a guard of honour.[citation needed]
In 1870, an oval-shaped mayoral decoration wrought from precious or semi-precious white metal was introduced. On the front is written "Rostov-on-Don" at the top, the Rostov-on-Don coat-of-arms is in the center and the inscription, "Mayor of the City" is written at the bottom. On its reverse side, the day of its adoption, April 9, 1996, is recorded. The decoration is worn over the suit on a large chain. The mayor returns the decoration to the Duma on his or her retirement from office.[citation needed]
The Emblem of the Don Host Oblast was introduced in July 5 (18), 1878. The flag of the All Great Don Army was introduced in May 1918 on the "Circle of the Don Saving".[citation needed]
Rostov's favourable geographical position at trading crossroads promotes economic development. The Don River is a major shipping lane connecting southwestern Russia with the north. Rostov-on-Don is a trading port for Russian, Italian, Greek and Turkish merchants selling, for example, wool, wheat and oil. It is also an important river port for passengers. The Rostov-on-Don agricultural region produces one-third of Russia's vegetable oil from sunflowers.[citation needed]
In modern times, Rostov-on-Don has experienced economic growth. Numerous start-up companies have established headquarters in the city, the median income is increasing, and the city is being transformed into a modern, industrial and technology-rich hub. For instance, Rostov-on-Don is a center for helicopter and farm machinery manufacturing.[28] The "Tebodin" engineering company opened its fourth office in Rostov-on-Don in June 2010.[29]
Public transport in Rostov-on-Don includes buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas (routed minibus, usually a 17-passenger Mercedes Sprinter). The Rostov Metro was planned in the early 1990s and later in the 2000s and 2010s. At the end of 2021, the Government of the Rostov Region and the Sinara company signed an agreement on the creation of a high-speed tramway in Rostov-on-Don on a concession basis. This happened at the international forum Transport Week 2021 in Moscow. By signing this agreement, the regional government put an end to the idea of developing the metro in the city in favour of the tram.
The Rostov-on-Don Airport caters for domestic travel, as well as flights to and from the former C.I.S., Europe, Africa and Asia. Its IATA code is "ROV".[30][31]Donavia airlines (formerly "Aeroflot Don") has its head office in Rostov-on-Don.[32] The Bataysk military aerodrome (which is located 5.0 miles (8.0 km) northwest of the city center) may be developed into a new airport hub for Southern Russia.[needs update]Platov International Airport was opened in late 2017 as part of preparations for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.[33]
The international river port[34] specializes in the packaging and freighting of minerals and timber. Shipping information is published online.[35][36]
Several highways of federal and regional significance cross Rostov. The M-4 “Don” route passes Rostov to the east and crosses the Don River in the Aksay city area. The “Rostov-Novoshakhtinsk” starts from the Northern housing block area of the city running north to connect with the M-4 “Don” route between Shakhty and Novoshakhtinsk.
New LiAZ-5292 buses
AKSM-321 low-floor trolleybus
KTM-19 tram
The Greater Rostov supercity
Rostov (in center) and vicinities: Bataysk to the south, Azov to the south-west, Chaltyr village to the north-west, and Novocherkassk to the northeast (satellite image by Landsat-5, 2010-06-10)
In 1929, the first automatic telephone exchange in Russia with a capacity of 6,000 numbers commenced in Rostov-on-Don.[38] Since 2004, standard telephone numbers in Rostov-on-Don have been seven digits in length. Since 2009, city numbers have begun with "2".[39] The city dialing code is "863".
Financial services
The first commercial bank in the South of Russia, Rostovsoсbank, was opened in Rostov-on-Don. The bank existed from 1989 to 1998,[40] and before the withdrawal of the banking license it made a full return of deposits to all depositors.[41] The largest bank in the Rostov region is Center-Invest. In total, there are about 50 banks and their branches,[42] 17% local banks, 80% representative offices of federal banks, and 4% representative offices of foreign banks.
Education
Rostov-on-Don hosts higher educational establishments, including universities, academies,[43] secondary schools of vocational training including colleges, technical schools, specialized schools,[44] and elementary schools of vocational training including lyceums, professional colleges[45] and schools of general education.[46]
The largest educational establishments in the city include:
Rostov Institute of Law of the Russian Juridical Academy of the Russian Federation
Rostov State Academy of Architecture and Arts,
Rostov College of Arts named after M.B. Grekov.
There is also a French cultural centre (Alliance Francaise),[48] a British Council and German Goethe Institute (DAAD and Bosch foundation), and a Korean Cultural Centre.
Maxim Gorky Academic Drama TheaterRostov Regional Academic Theater of the YouthRostov Regional Museum of Fine ArtsMuseum of Russian & Armenian Friendship
Regional Children's Library named after V.M. Velichkina
Rostov Regional Special Library for the Blind,
Scientific Library of the Medical University,
Central State Children's Library named after Lenin
Children's Library named after A.S. Pushkin
Children's Library named after Mayakovsky
South-Russian Don State Public Library.
Theaters
In the Academic Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky works Mikhail Bushnov, who is the national artist of the USSR and an honorary citizen of Rostov-on-Don.[49]
The small collections of the Art Gallery and the Museum of Arts include some works by Repin, Surikov, Perov, Levitan and Aivazovsky as well as modern Rostov artists.
Other facilities include seven stadiums, a Palace of Sports, a circus, a zoo[50] botanical gardens and parks.[51] Rostov-on-Don hosts the North Caucasian Science Center and research institutes. The city is also home to a Starbucks coffee chain, a true rarity in this geographical area of Russia.[52]
Religion
The Administration of Rostov and Novocherkassk Eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church is located in Rostov. Other religious facilities in Rostov-on-Don are the Roman Catholic "Church of the Lord's Supper", the Old Believers' temple, a synagogue,[53]a mosque, and the Diamond Way Buddhist Center of the Karma Kagyu Tradition.[54] There are also several Armenian and Greek Orthodox churches in the city, with one of the Armenian churches being the oldest standing building in Rostov. All of the Armenian churches are in the Nakhichevan-on-Don district of the city.
The temple of the Holy Trinity in Rostov-on-Don is made in the style of ancient Russian architecture; its facade is decorated with bright mosaics, and inside is a majestic altar with paintings.
Armenian Apostolic Church of the Holy Cross (built in 1792)
Orthodox Church of Great-Martyr Panteleimon
Orthodox Church of Saint Dimitri of Rostov
Orthodox Church of Saint George
Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Theotokos
Cathedral Mosque
Mass media
The construction of the Rostov TV centre began in 1956 and was completed on 26 April 1958. The first television program was broadcast on 30 April 1958. Colour television was first broadcast in 1974. Radio transmission began in Rostov-on-Don on October 17, 1975. In 2009, there were fourteen FM radio stations in Rostov-on-Don. It is also possibly the home of the Squeaky Wheelnumber station.
In 2018, Rostov-on-Don was one of the Russian cities to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Rostov Arena with a capacity of 45,000 spectators was built on the left bank of the Don River, left of the exit from the city via the Voroshilovsky Bridge.
The stadium hosted 5 games of the FIFA World Cup.
June 17, 21:00, Brazil — Switzerland, Group E
June 20, 18:00, Uruguay — Saudi Arabia, Group A
June 23, 18:00, South Korea — Mexico, Group F
June 26, 21:00, Iceland — Croatia, Group D
July 2, 21:00, Belgium — Japan, Round of 16
During the FIFA World Cup, Teatralnaya Square served as a venue for the FIFA Fan Fest. The specially arranged area had a capacity of 25,000 people. Fans were able to watch all World Cup games on a big screen. The venue was serviced by food outlets and had several entertainment areas.
In preparation for the FIFA World Cup, the city implemented a large-scale development program. Apart from the new stadium, the city built a camping area for fans arriving for the World Cup, the Southern and Western Bypasses, and new hotels. Reconstruction works were carried out at the bridge crossing over the Don River (expanding the traffic way to 6 lanes), a number of healthcare facilities, and the embankment area. A new airport, Yuzhny, was built.
Scientists and explorers include, doctors N. Bogoraz and S. Fedosov, scientists Dmitri Mendeleev, A. S. Popov, and I. P. Pavlov, George Sedov, the Arctic Sea explorer, Yakov Frenkel (1894–1952), a solid-state physicist, Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), ophthalmologist, Sabina Spielrein (1885–1942), psychoanalyst, and Yuri Oganessian (a nuclear physicist who is the namesake of oganesson (element 118)).
Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области. Закон №340-ЗС от 25 июля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области», в ред. Закона №270-ЗС от 27 ноября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в областной Закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Наше время", №187–190, 28 июля 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Rostov Oblast. Law #340-ZS of July 28, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast, as amended by the Law #270-ZS of November 27, 2014 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast". Effective as of the official publication date.).
Законодательное Собрание Ростовской области. Закон №238-ЗС от 27 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования "Город Ростов-на-Дону"», в ред. Закона №153-ЗС от 28 ноября 2008 г «О внесении изменений в областные Законы "Об установлении границы и наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования "Город Ростов-на-Дону", "Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования "Аксайский район" и муниципальных образований в его составе" и "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ростовской области"». Вступил в силу 1 января 2005 г. Опубликован: "Наше время", №339, 29 декабря 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Rostov Oblast. Law #238-ZS of December 27, 2004 On Establishing the Border and Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Rostov-na-Donu", as amended by the Law #153-ZS of November 28, 2008 On Amending the Oblast Laws "On Establishing the Border and Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the "City of Rostov-na-Donu", "On Establishing the Borders and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation of "Aksaysky District" and to the Municipal Formations It Comprises", and "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Rostov Oblast". Effective as of January 1, 2005.).
Ростовская-на-Дону городская Дума. Решение №267 от 3 декабря 1996 г. «Об утверждении положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"», в ред. Решения №507 от 13 августа 2013 г «О внесении изменений в Решение Ростовской-на-Дону городской Думы "Об утверждении Положения "О символах г. Ростова-на-Дону"». Вступил в силу 31 декабря 1996 г. Опубликован: "Ростов Официальный", №51–52, 1996. (Rostov-on-Don City Duma. Decision #267 of December 3, 1996 On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don", as amended by the Decision #507 of August 13, 2013 On Amending the Decision of the Rostov-on-Don City Duma "On Adopting the Provision "On the Symbols of the City of Rostov-on-Don". Effective as of December 31, 1996.).
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