The Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) is the aerialservice branch of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) responsible for controlling and defending the airspace of the country, and providing air support to the Army and Navy. It was established in 1968 as the Singapore Air Defence Command (SADC) before renaming to its current name in 1975.[7]
As one of the larger and more technologically advanced air forces in Southeast Asia, the RSAF has undertaken a significant role in Singapore's military defence strategy since its formation. The RSAF is one of the more modern air forces in the region, with the ability to act as a strong deterrence from potential hostile nations as well as defending the airspace of the country.[8]
The RSAF currently has four domestic airbases – Paya Lebar, Changi, Sembawang and Tengah – as well as at the civilian airport of Seletar. The RSAF also has overseas detachments in various countries, most notably in Australia, France, Thailand and the United States. As of 2023, the RSAF has a strength of 6,000 active personnel.[1]
History
Early years
In January 1968, the United Kingdom, which by this time had lost most of its global prestige especially after the Suez Crisis and was facing major financial difficulties that were greatly exacerbated by the devaluation of the pound, announced the imminent withdrawal of all its troops "East of Suez" by the end of 1971.[9] Prior to then, Singapore had depended heavily on Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF) for its air defence, while the newly established Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) had concentrated its efforts mainly on building up the land-based Singapore Army.
The predecessor to the RSAF, the SADC, was formed on 1 September 1968. The SADC's immediate task was to set up the Flying Training School to train pilots. Qualified flying instructors were obtained through Airwork Services Limited, a company specialising in defence services. Basic training for pilots was carried out using two Cessna light aircraft hired from the Singapore Flying Club. The SADC also enlisted the help of the Royal Air Force which introduced the first flying training syllabus and provided two ex-RAF pilots as instructors, as well as facilities and services at Seletar Airport. Finally, the first batch of six pilot trainees were sent to the United Kingdom in August 1968 to undergo training in various technical disciplines. The training was based on the Hawker Hunter, the SADC's first air defence fighter. The following month, another pioneer group of technicians, this time from the rotary wing, were sent to France to begin their technical training on the Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopter. In 1969, a number of local RAF technicians were released to join the fledgling SADC. These local
technicians (local other ranks) had experience working on fixed-wing RAF aircraft such as the Hawker Hunter, Gloster Javelin, English Electric Canberra, English Electric Lightning and Avro Shackleton;[10] as well as rotary-wing RAF aircraft such as the Bristol Belvedere, Westland Wessex and Westland Whirlwind.[10]
Eight Cessna 172K aircraft—the SADC's first—arrived in May 1969 to be used for basic pilot training.[11] By December, the first batch of students completed the course. Of these, six were sent to the UK to receive further training. On their return to Singapore in 1970, they were ready to operate the then newly acquired Hawker Hunter fighter aircraft.
The pace of training pilots and ground crew picked up gradually. On 1 August 1969, Minister for the Interior and Defence, Lim Kim San, inaugurated the Flying Training School (FTS) at Tengah Air Base (then known as RAF Tengah). The inauguration of FTS brought SADC closer to its goal of fulfilling the heavy responsibility of defending Singapore's airspace.
The subsequent arrival of the BAC Strikemasters in 1969, used for advanced phase flying training, meant that pilot trainees were now able to earn their initial wings locally rather than overseas. The first batch of locally trained fighter pilots were trained at the FTS and graduated in November 1970. Amongst this batch was 2LT Goh Yong Siang, who later rose to the appointment of Chief of Air Force on 1 July 1995. Gradually, the SADC had its own pilots, flying instructors, air traffic controllers, and ground crew.
When Britain brought forward its plan to withdraw its forces by September 1971, the SADC was suddenly entrusted with a huge responsibility and resources. Britain's former air bases—Tengah, Seletar, Sembawang and Changi—were handed over to the SADC, as well as its air defence radar station and Bloodhound II surface-to-air missiles.
In 1973, the SADC procured Shorts Skyvan search-and-locate aircraft and Douglas A-4 Skyhawk fighter-bombers. With a reliable mix of fighters, fighter-bombers, helicopters and transport aircraft, the SADC was ready to assume the functions of a full-fledged air force. On 1 April 1975, the SADC was renamed the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF).[7]
One of its first commanders was LTC Ee Tean Chye.[12][13]
21st century
The RSAF celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2018 with the theme "Our Home, Above All".[14] The RSAF celebrated its Golden Jubilee with an extended flypast during the national day parade on 9 August and also performed 2 sessions of aerial display at the Marina Barrage on 11 and 12 August.[15]
Combat operations
2004–2008: Multi-National Force – Iraq. Aircraft participated in the Iraq War and returned home after two or three months of deployment in the Persian Gulf without any ground troops involved. Singapore's withdrawal was acknowledged on 23 December 2008.
May 2007–June 2013: International Security Assistance Force. Deployment of close to 500 personnel including those from the Republic of Singapore Air Force, as part of Singapore's contributions to the multinational stabilisation and reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan.[16]
On 5 January 2007, Defence Minister Teo Chee Hean announced that the Air Force organisation chart will be re-structured into five major commands, namely the Air Defence and Operations Command (ADOC), the Air Combat Command (ACC), the Participation Command (PC), the Air Power Generation Command (APGC) and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Command (UC). The first to be inaugurated was ADOC, along the restructuring announcement.[19]
ADOC is the principal agency in charge of planning and executing peacetime operations and air defence. ADOC is also responsible for the development and operational readiness of the command and control and ground-based air defence units of the RSAF.[citation needed]
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Command was the second command to be inaugurated and become operational in May 2007.[20]
The next command to be inaugurated was PC in January 2008.[citation needed]
The last two commands, ACC and APGC, were inaugurated together in August 2008 in conjunction with the RSAF 40th Anniversary. The ACC will bring together fighter and transport squadrons under one command, with central planning, control and execution of the air battle in operations. The APGC will enhance the missions of the ACC by ensuring that all air bases remain operational at all times, as well as improving the servicing and turn-around of aircraft to ensure continuous and responsive operations.[citation needed]
Air Combat Command (ACC)
The ACC ("Poised And Deadly") is responsible for the planning, control and execution of the air battle in operations. It brings together all fighter and transport squadrons that will carry out these tasks under a single command which will be responsible for training the pilots and aircrew to think and operate in a fully integrated way.[21] The ACC consists of the following groups:
HQ ACC
Integrated Systems Development Group (ISDG)
Operations Development Group (ODG)
Fighter Group (FG) ("Decisive And Deadly")
140 Squadron ("Stand Firm In Defence")
142 Squadron ("Honour And Glory")
143 Squadron ("We Dare")
145 Squadron ("Swift And Valiant")
149 Squadron ("Steadfast")
Peace Carvin II – Luke Air Force Base, Arizona, USA
Peace Carvin V – Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho, USA
Transport Group (TG) ("Project And Deliver")
111 Squadron ("Vigilance In Control")
112 Squadron ("Determined To Deliver")
121 Squadron ("Seek And Destroy")
122 Squadron ("Dependable")
Air Power Generation Command (APGC)
The APGC ("Generate And Sustain") is set up to enable the RSAF to generate and sustain effective, timely and robust air power to meet the operational needs of the SAF. With the APGC, higher operational efficiency within each RSAF Air Base, and secondly, greater integration across the four bases are achieved. Units are classified under Air Base Operability (ABO) and Aircraft Generation (AcG). The APGC consists of the following groups:
HQ APGC
Operations Development Group (ODG)
Changi Air Base ("Together In Excellence")
208 Squadron ("Reliable And Vigilant Always")
508 Squadron ("Unrivalled Support")
608 Squadron ("Vigour And Vigilance")
708 Squadron ("Agile And Dependable")
808 Squadron ("Ready And Vigilant") - under 5 AELG
Paya Lebar Air Base ("Strength Through Readiness")
207 Squadron ("Support Towards Excellence")
507 Squadron ("Forever Onward")
607 Squadron ("Dare Us")
707 Squadron ("Resolute And Responsive")
7 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (7 AELG) ("Pride In Support")
807 Squadron ("Swift And Effective")
817 Squadron ("Dedicated And Precise")
Sembawang Air Base ("Swift And Resolute")
206 Squadron ("Precision In Control")
506 Squadron ("Steadfast Support")
606 Squadron ("Uphold And Persevere")
706 Squadron ("Swift And Reliable")
6 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (6 AELG) ("Swift And Steadfast")
806 Squadron ("Agile And Expeditious")
816 Squadron ("Precise And Dependable")
Tengah Air Base ("Always Vigilant")
205 Squadron ("Excellence And Beyond")
505 Squadron ("Swift and Tenacious")
605 Squadron ("Alert And Steadfast")
705 Squadron ("Zeal In Duty")
5 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (5 AELG) ("Excellence Always")
805 Squadron ("Responsive And Dependable")
815 Squadron ("Swift And Precise")
The four support squadrons still remain organic to each Base but are under direct command of APGC. These four squadrons are: Airfield Maintenance Squadron (AMS), Ground Logistics Squadron (GLS), Field Defence Squadron (FDS) and Flying Support Squadron (FSS).
UAV Command (UC)
The main structures under UC ("Persistent And Precise") are Operations & System Development Group (OSDG), headed by the Deputy Commander of UC. UC consists of the following groups:[22]
HQ UC
UAV Group (UG) ("Persistent And Focused")
116 Squadron ("Courageous And Tenacious")
119 Squadron ("Precise And Cohesive")
128 Squadron ("Focused And Ready")
Imagery Exploitation Group (IXG) ("Precise And Timely")
129 Squadron ("Swift And Sharp")
138 Squadron ("Poised To Deliver")
1 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (1 AELG) ("Swift And Sure")
801 Squadron ("Swift And Dependable")
811 Squadron ("Persistent And Sure")
Air Defence & Operations Command (ADOC)
The ADOC ("Vigilant & Ready") consist of the following:[23]
HQ ADOC
Air Surveillance Control Group (ASCG) ("Vigilant And Decisive")
200 Squadron ("Sense Fight Kill")
202 Squadron ("Decisive And Resilient")
203 Squadron ("Serve To Preserve")
National Air Defence Group (ADG) ("Ever Vigilant")
160 Squadron ("Alert Always")
163 Squadron ("Above The Best")
165 Squadron ("Pride In Protection")
Air Operations Control Group (AOCG) ("Always In Control")
9 Air Engineering and Logistics Group (9 AELG) ("With Unity We Support")
113 Squadron ("Mission First")
809 Squadron ("Ready And Swift")
819 Squadron ("Precise And Reliable")
Participation Command (PC)
The PC ("Integrate & Dominate") consists of the following groups:[24]
HQ PC
Operations Development Group (ODG)
Helicopter Group (HeliG) ("Dare & Will")
120 Squadron ("Strive To Achieve")
123 Squadron ("Swift And Precise")
125 Squadron ("Swift And Bold")
126 Squadron ("Ready And Able")
127 Squadron ("Strength Courage Swiftness")
Peace Vanguard ("Forging Ahead") – Marana, Arizona, USA
Tactical Air Support Group (TASG) ("Integrated & Ready")
1 Medical Squadron ("Courage And Conviction")
101 Squadron
102 Squadron
103 Squadron ("Swift and Prompt")
105 Squadron ("Robust And Resolute")
Divisional Air Defence Group (DAG) ("Vigilant And Lethal")
3 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
6 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
9 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Vigilant And Valiant")
18 Divisional Air Defence Artillery ("Always Ahead")
201 Squadron ("Deploy Detect Defend")
DAG MTC ("Move Forward Safely")
Air Force Training Command (AFTC)
The Air Force Training Command (AFTC) is an amalgamation of the former Air Force School, Flying Training School and UAV Training school which facilitates training of future pilots and ground crew of the RSAF. It is located at 550 Airport Road, Singapore 534236.
The training schools and squadrons under AFTC ("Excellence") consist of the following:[25]
HQ AFTC
Flying Training Institute (FTI) ("Strength Through Knowledge And Skills")
124 Squadron ("Strive For Excellence")
130 Squadron ("Aim To Strike" or "Eagle") – RAAF Base Pearce, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
150 Squadron ("Forward We Strive") – Cazaux Air Base, France
Air Grading Centre ("Soar Through Knowledge") – Jandakot, Perth, Western Australia
Standards Squadron ("Pride Through Professionalism")
UAV Training School ("Redefine Perfection")
Air Warfare Training Institute (AWTI) ("Excellence Through Knowledge And Skills")
C3 School ("Competency Through Knowledge")
ADSS School ("Look Forward")
Air Engineering Training Institute (AETI) ("Towards Excellence")
Advanced AFE School ("Inspiring Excellence")
Aircraft Engineering School ("Engineering Excellence")
Civil Engineering School ("Excellence In Resilience")
Networks, C2 and Air Defence School ("Excellence In Networked Air Defence")
Supply Chain School ("Delivering Excellence")
Training Development Group (TDG)
Retired units
130 Squadron (Flying Training School at Tengah) (1968-1994) BAC Strikemaster and S211
131 Squadron ("Harrier") (1983-1986 at Paya Lebar, 1979-1983 at Tengah) T-33A and S211
141 Squadron ("Detect To Deter") (1972- c.2008) Hawker hunters and F-5 also known as the Merlins
144 Squadron ("Dare To Excel") (1979- c 2015) F-5E/T
An F-5S of 144 Sqn preparing for take-off.An F-16C of 140 Sqn.Demonstration of a M-113A2 Ultra Mechanised Igla IFU on deployment, visible in the background is an I-HAWK SAM launcher.Exercise Forging Sabre 2009, an RSAF's IAI Searcher II UAV parked inside the hangar of Henry Post Army Airfield, United States.
While Singapore initially bought as many as 70 F-16 planes, on 18 November 2004, it was announced that the RSAF would offer its remaining 7 F-16A/Bs to the Royal Thai Air Force. It is believed that these early Block 15OCU aircraft were upgraded to "Falcon One" standard by ST Aerospace before the transfer and delivered in late 2005. In return, the RSAF was permitted to train at the Udon Royal Thai Air Force Base in north-east Thailand for a specified number of days each year. This would mean that the RSAF will operate only the Block 52/52+ model, as many as 62 F-16CJ/DJ planes.[definition needed]
In 1994, the RSAF commenced a modernisation program for its fleet of approximately 49 operational (R)F-5E and F-5F aircraft. The upgrade was performed by Singapore Technologies Aerospace (STAero) and the upgraded aircraft were designated (R)F-5S and F-5T respectively, operating from Paya Lebar Air Base. These upgraded F-5S/T, equipped with the Galileo Avionica's FIAR Grifo-F X-band Radar[35][36][37] are thought to be capable of firing the AIM-120 AMRAAM missile but to date, no actual live-firing has actually been reported. For in-flight refuelling, four KC-135Rs and four KC-130Bs are commissioned to support the fighter force of F-16C/Ds and (R)F-5S/Ts.
As part of its fleet renewal process, the RSAF officially withdrew its fleet of ST Aerospace A-4SU Super Skyhawk from front-line service on 31 March 2005 after 31 years of operations. The A-4SUs' achievements included flying directly from Singapore to the Philippines, incorporating the RSAF's first air-to-air refuelling mission in 1986, as well as the excellent aerobatic display of the 'red and white' Super Skyhawks flown by the RSAF Black Knights during Asian Aerospace 1990.[38] A month before its retirement, the Skyhawk squadron won top honours in a strike exercise against its more modern F-16 and F-5 counterparts.
Singapore ordered a total of twenty AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters in two batches. After a long period of negotiations over the delivery of the sophisticated Longbow Fire-control radar, the first batch of eight aircraft, fitted with the Fire Control Radar, was delivered on 17 May 2002.[39] The second batch of 12 Apaches were ordered in 2001 even before the first delivery took place.[40] All of the initial eight Apaches are based in the United States. Three of the Apache Longbows returned in January 2006 at the request of the Minister of Defence.
Apart from the fifteen CH-47SDs delivered from 1996, a new batch of fifteen aircraft was ordered in 1997, with an option of four extra airframes. At least 30 CH-47SD have been delivered and are in service at Sembawang Air Base. It is believed that these had been upgraded to the SD standard prior to delivery.
Eight CH-47SDs were also deployed to support the relief efforts in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. It was the first and one of the few countries to reach the affected areas. The RSAF deployed dozens of C-130Hs, CH-47SDs and AS 332Ms there along with three of the RSN's latest Landing Ship Tanks (RSS Endurance, RSS Persistence and RSS Endeavour of the Endurance class LST) as well as Singapore Armed Forces vehicles, engineers, and medical teams.
In September 2005, the RSAF sent three CH-47SD Chinook helicopters, later augmented by a fourth CH-47SD Chinook, to provide assistance in the rescue and evacuation of stranded civilians after Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans and nearby areas in the United States.[41] The humanitarian effort by Singapore involved more aircraft than any other foreign countries.[42]
Since 2003, the RSAF has also made deployments of KC-135 tankers and C-130 aircraft to the Persian Gulf in support of the multinational efforts for the reconstruction of Iraq. RSAF personnel have carried out airlift, transportation and supply, and air-to-air refuelling missions in support of the multinational forces, assisting the Coalition in carrying supplies and personnel, transporting humanitarian material and conducting medical evacuation operations.[43][44] In September 2013, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen stated in a parliamentary reply that Singapore would soon acquire the Aster 30 land-based missile system.[45]
RSAF day is celebrated on 1 September annually, in 2018 a combined flypast including the new A330 MRTT with a special 50th anniversary livery took place at Tengah Air Base.[46][47]
Military ranks in the Singapore Armed Forces are identical across the three services except for the flag ranks of the RSN. They are based on the Army model. The official table of ranks stops at three stars for all three services.[48]
Like the Navy, the majority of Air Force personnel are regulars. This is due to the specialised and technical nature of many jobs. The employment of National Servicemen in various roles are limited mostly to the infantry-like Field Defence Squadrons which do not require such specialised training.
In February 2003, Singapore joined the JSF program's System Design and Development (SDD) Phase, as a Security Co-operation Participant (SCP).[49][50] The first deliveries of the F-35 Lightning II are not expected before 2021, but replacement for the bulk of the A-4SUs was needed by 2007. As a start, 20 F-16D Block 52+ have been delivered from 2003 under project Peace Carvin IV.
The RSAF embarked on its Next Generation Fighter (NGF) programme to replace the aging A-4SUs. The original list of competitors was shortlisted to the final two – Dassault Rafale and the BoeingF-15SG Strike Eagle. The F-15SG is a variant of the F-15E Strike Eagle and is similar in configuration to the F-15K sold to South Korea, but differs in the addition of the APG-63(V)3 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar developed by Raytheon. The F-15SG is powered by two General ElectricF110-GE-129 29,400 lbf (131 kN) thrust engines. The DSTA (Defense Science & Technology Agency) conducted a detailed technical assessment, simulations, and other tests to assess the final selection. On 6 September 2005, it was announced that the F-15SG had won the contract over the Rafale.[51] An initial order placed in 2005 for 12 aircraft with the option to purchase 8 more. On 22 October 2007, Singapore's Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) exercised the option to purchase eight more F-15SG fighters as part of the original contract signed in 2005. Along with this buy, an additional order for four F-15SGs was made, bringing the total number of F-15SGs purchased by the start of 2008 to 24.[52]
In January 2005, it was announced that 6 Sikorsky S-70B (derivative of SH-60 Seahawk) naval helicopters will be purchased, complete with anti-surface and anti-submarine weapons and sensors.[53] 2 more Seahawks were ordered in 2013.[54] The Seahawks are operated by RSAF pilots, with System Specialists of the Republic of Singapore Navy operating the sensors and weaponry. They operate from the Navy's new Formidable class frigates, and when operating from land are based at Sembawang Air Base. All 20 AH-64D Longbow attack helicopters have been delivered to the RSAF. 12 of these were deployed back to Singapore and took part in combined arms exercises with the Army, with the remaining 8 helicopters being part of the Peace Vanguard detachment based in the United States.
In April 2007, it was announced that the 4 E-2C Hawkeyes were to be replaced with 4 Gulfstream G550s fitted with the IAI EL/W-2085 radar which would become the primary airborne early warning aircraft for the RSAF.[55][56] Not included in the deal is an additional G550 as an AEW trainer, which will be acquired and maintained by ST Aerospace on behalf of RSAF.[57]
In July 2010, the Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master was selected by the RSAF to replace the A-4SU in the Advanced Jet Training (AJT) role, currently based at BA 120 Cazaux Air Base in France.[58][59] In a press release by the MINDEF on 28 September 2008, ST Aerospace had been awarded the contract to acquire twelve M-346 and a ground based training system on behalf of RSAF. As stipulated in the contract, ST Aerospace will act as the main contractor to maintain the aircraft after delivery by Alenia Aermacchi while Boeing would supply the training system. Delivery date is scheduled from 2012 onwards.[60][61][62]
The backbone of the transport fleet are the four KC-130B, one KC-130H and five C-130H Hercules transport aircraft, which are expected to remain in service through 2030, will be undergoing an extensive modernisation process to bring all ten existing airframes to the same common standard. The first airframe, a KC-130B, was returned to frontline service on 21 September 2010. ST Aerospace, the main contractor behind the project, is expected to upgrade the other nine airframes for the RSAF within the next seven years. Included in the package is the replacement of cockpit flight management system with a modern glass cockpit avionics suite, central engine displays to replace analogue gauges, improved voice communications, digital autopilot, flight director as well as a digital weather radar, which will make the aircraft Global Air Traffic Management-compliant. Also, the C-130Bs will receive an auxiliary power unit and environmental control system in common with the C-130Hs. Once the upgrade is completed, this will effectively give the RSAF five KC-130Hs and five C-130Hs.[63][64]
In December 2010, the RSAF issued a letter of request to inspect stored ex-US Navy P-3C Orion aircraft that have been retired from active duty. Lockheed Martin believes the RSAF has a requirement of 4 to 5 of these aircraft, which would be modernised extensively before reintroduction into active service.[65]
On 30 June 2018, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen announced that the F-16's replacement will be announced soon. Meanwhile, the KC-135Rs are being replaced by the A330 MRTT while replacements for other fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters are announced.[66]
On 18 January 2019, MINDEF officially confirmed the procurement of F-35s for a full evaluation of their capabilities and suitability before deciding on a full fleet to replace the aging F-16 fleet.[67] On 1 March 2019, MINDEF announced that they will send a Letter of Request (LOR) to purchase 4 F-35s with an option of 8 more after the evaluation.[68] On 9 January 2020 the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency approved a possible sale to Singapore of four F-35B short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) variants with the option to purchase an additional eight F-35Bs and up to 13 Pratt & Whitney F135 engines and other related equipment for an estimated total cost of $2.75 billion.[69] On 24 February 2023, MINDEF exercised its option and purchased an additional 8 F-35Bs currently on track for delivery by 2028, with the originally purchased 4 expected to be delivered by 2026.[70] On 28 February 2024, Dr Ng Eng Hen announced in parliament the procurement of 8 F-35A's expected to be delivered by 2030, tallying up a total of 20 F-35's on delivery.[71]
First formed in 1973 at Tengah Air Base, the Black Knights is RSAF's official aerobatic team and has been performing on an ad hoc basis since its inception, with volunteer pilots drawn from various front line squadrons within the RSAF. The aerobatics team has performed on events including the Singapore Airshow 2014.[38]
The RSAF maintains the Air Force Museum, which was first located at Changi Air Base before it was relocated to a purpose-built building currently situated at 400 Airport Road, Singapore 534234 adjacent to Paya Lebar Air Base. The museum is open to the public and showcases the air force's history and capabilities. Exhibits include the Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye and numerous A-4SU Super Skyhawk.[citation needed]
^"Mr. Lee hosts Istana dinner". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 11 February 1972. p. 12. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^"RSAF50". www.mindef.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
^"New fighter trainer for RSAF". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 28 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
^Null, The RSAF (4 July 2023). "201 SQN Roadrunners". X (Twitter). Retrieved 23 March 2024.
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Huxley, Tim (2000). Defending the Lion City: the Armed Forces of Singapore. Allen & Unwin Pty LTD. ISBN978-1-86508-118-2.
Wing Commander C. G. Jefford (2001). RAF Squadrons: A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of All RAF Squadrons and Their Antecedents Since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988. ISBN978-1-84037-141-3.
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As with other towns and cities in Ireland, Letterkenny has a history of great architecture.[original research?] Many examples of ancient architecture remain in the town to the present day – though much has been lost also, through decay and modern development.[citation needed] Historical structures St. Eunan's Cathedral by night The Cathedral of St. Eunan and St Columba, built between 1890 and 1900, has one of the tallest steeples in Ireland. Located near the town centre on C...
Stasiun Shōnai Ryokuchi Kōen庄内緑地公園駅Stasiun Shōnai Ryokuchi KōenLokasiNishi, Yamada, Nagoya, Aichi（名古屋市西区山田町大字小田井字東古川3129）JepangPengelolaBiro Transportasi Kota NagoyaJalurJalur TsurumaiPenghubung antarmoda Terminal bus Informasi lainKode stasiunT02SejarahDibuka1984Penumpang20073.955 per hari Sunting kotak info • L • BBantuan penggunaan templat ini Stasiun Shōnai Ryokuchi Kōen (庄内緑地公園駅code: ja is deprecated ...
Major highway in Malaysia Persiaran UtaraRoute informationExisted1997–presentHistoryCompleted in 1999Major junctionsWest endPutrajaya interchange FT 29 Putrajaya-Cyberjaya ExpresswayMajor intersections FT 29 Putrajaya-Cyberjaya ExpresswayLebuh SentosaPersiaran PersekutuanPersiaran Timur South Klang Valley Expressway South Klang Valley ExpresswayEast endPutra Interchange South Klang Valley Expressway South Klang Valley Expressway LocationCountryMalaysiaPrimarydestinationsPutrajaya ...
Nagore Gabellanes Plaats uw zelfgemaakte foto hier Persoonlijke informatie Geboortedatum 25 januari 1973 Geboorteplaats San Sebastián Nationaliteit Spanje Lengte 1,70 m Sportieve informatie Discipline Hockey Olympische Spelen 1992, 1996 Portaal Sport Nagore Gabellanes Marieta (San Sebastián, 25 januari 1973) is een Spaans hockeyster. Gabellanes werd met de Spaanse ploeg in 1992 in eigen land olympisch kampioen. Erelijst 1990 – 4e Wereldkampioenschap in Sydney 1991 - 6e ...
H.Andi Tajerimin NurS.E., M.Si.Bug ᨕᨉᨗ ᨈᨍᨛᨑᨗᨆᨗ ᨊᨘᨑᨘ Mak ᨕᨉᨗ ᨈᨍᨙᨑᨗᨆᨗ ᨊᨘᨑᨘInformasi pribadiLahir12 Mei 1966 (umur 57)Maros, Sulawesi Selatan, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaSuami/istriHj. Lindawati[1]Anak4Tempat tinggalJl. Pandang Raya Kompleks CrysantAlma materSTIE Pelita Buana MakassarUniversitas Satria MakassarProfesiPengusahaSunting kotak info • L • B H. Andi Tajerimin Nur, S.E., M.Si.[1] (Lontara Bugis:...
1989 film by Michael Moore For the American Dad! episode, see Roger 'n' Me. Roger & MeTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael MooreWritten byMichael MooreProduced byMichael MooreStarring Michael Moore Roger B. Smith Janet Rauch Rhonda Britton Fred Ross Ronald Reagan Bob Eubanks Narrated byMichael MooreCinematography Chris Beaver John Prusak Kevin Rafferty Bruce Schermer Edited by Jennifer Beman Wendey Stanzler ProductioncompanyDog Eat Dog FilmsDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date De...
Fast food restaurant chain See also: List of countries with Burger King franchises The majority of the locations of international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King are privately owned franchises. While the majority of franchisees are smaller operations, several have grown into major corporations in their own right. At the end of the company's fiscal year in 2015, Burger King reported it had more than 15,000 outlets in 84 countries; of these, approximately 50% are in the United States and...
18th Governor of the Bank of Japan Hisato Ichimada一萬田 尚登Ichimada in 1955Minister of FinanceIn office10 July 1957 – 12 June 1958Prime MinisterNobusuke KishiPreceded byHayato IkedaSucceeded byEisaku SatōIn office10 December 1954 – 23 December 1956Prime MinisterIchirō HatoyamaPreceded bySankurō OgasawaraSucceeded byHayato IkedaGovernor of the Bank of JapanIn office1 June 1946 – 10 December 1954Preceded byEikichi ArakiSucceeded byEikichi Araki Persona...
ChurchSt. Therese Retreat CenterAddress5277 East Broad Street Columbus, OH, 43213DenominationCatholicHistoryFormer name(s)St. Therese’s Shrine, House of Retreats Shrine Center for RenewalArchitectureArchitect(s)Robert KrauseArchitectural typeRomanesqueCompleted1931AdministrationDioceseColumbusClergyBishop(s)Earl K. Fernandes St. Therese Retreat Center is a retreat house and shrine of the Catholic Diocese of Columbus dedicated to Thérèse of Lisieux located on East Broad Street in Columbus,...
1993 studio album by ImmortalPure HolocaustStudio album by ImmortalReleased1 November 1993 (1993-11-01)RecordedGrieg Hall, Bergen, NorwayGenreBlack metalLength33:43LabelOsmoseProducerEirik Hundvin and ImmortalImmortal chronology Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism(1992) Pure Holocaust(1993) Battles in the North(1995) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1] Pure Holocaust is the second album by Norwegian black metal band Immortal. It was released on No...
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨sʼ⟩ in IPA This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Alveolar ejective fricative – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Alveolar ejective fricativesʼIPA Number132 401Audio sample source&#...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for stand-alone lists. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely...
Тропарь шестого гласа, поемый на Воздвижение Креста Господня: «Кресту́ Твоему́ покланя́емся Влады́ко, и свято́е Воскресе́ние Твое́ сла́вим.» «Кондакарь крюковый», исход ХІІ века Тропа́рь (греч. τροπάριον) в православной церкви — одно из кратких молитвенных песнопени...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!
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