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Icelandic Air Policing

Icelandic Air Policing
An USAF F-15C Eagle fighter flying over Iceland during an Icelandic Air Policing patrol in April 2015
A USAF F-15C Eagle fighter flying over Iceland during an Icelandic Air Policing patrol in April 2015
Location
Iceland
ObjectiveRegular patrols of Icelandic airspace
DatePeriodically since May 2008
Executed byNATO
OutcomeOngoing

Icelandic Air Policing is a NATO operation conducted to patrol Iceland's airspace. As Iceland does not have an air force, in 2006 it requested that its NATO allies periodically deploy fighter aircraft to Keflavik Air Base to provide protection of its airspace. The first deployment of aircraft took place in May 2008.

Background

As Iceland does not maintain an air force, the country was left without means to patrol its airspace when the United States Air Force (USAF) ceased deploying fighter units to Keflavik Air Base in September 2006, and the U.S. Iceland Defense Force was withdrawn.[1][2] Following the American withdrawal Russian Air Force 37th Air Army aircraft entered Icelandic airspace on several occasions.[3]

Prime Minister Geir Haarde requested that Iceland's NATO allies assume responsibility for protecting Iceland's airspace during the Riga Summit in November 2006. The North Atlantic Council agreed to this request at its July 2007 meeting.[1] The other NATO member states who lack the ability to patrol their own airspace have similar arrangements in place.[4] In March 2008, Prime Minister Haarde denied that the air policing operation was targeting Russian aircraft, and stated that "It is going to be a general patrolling exercise. We consider Russia to be our friends, by the way."[5]

In contrast with the Baltic Air Policing mission, which involves the continuous presence of fighter aircraft from NATO countries at Šiauliai International Airport in Lithuania and Ämari Air Base in Estonia, the Icelandic government requested that NATO not maintain a permanent force at Keflavik.[1] Instead, an average of three deployments are made per year, with each lasting from three to four weeks.[6][7] Most deployments involve four fighter aircraft, though the number varies with some being larger.[7]

As of January 2013, NATO had re-designated the deployments to Iceland as being the "Airborne Surveillance and Interception Capabilities to meet Iceland's Peacetime Preparedness Needs" mission, and emphasised to reporters that it was focused on training rather than air policing.[8]

Since 2014 the aircraft deployed to Iceland have been placed on Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) status and flown armed patrols. While these tasks were not previously undertaken, it was decided to commence them in response to the deterioration in relations between Russia and NATO countries following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and the conflict in Donbass, Ukraine.[9]

In 2018, the deployments to Iceland came under the Allied Air Command and were controlled by NATO's northern Combined Air Operations Centre at Uedem in Germany.[10] The Combined Air Operations Centre manages NATO air policing north of the Alps, including by controlling the Baltic Air Policing operation.[11]

In March 2022 it was reported that the Icelandic government was considering whether a continuous air policing presence was required due to the increased threat resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Formal discussions of the matter had not yet taken place.[12]

Deployments

The following deployments have been made to Iceland:[13]

Dates Nationality Air Force Unit Aircraft Notes Reference
5 May – 30 June 2008  France French Air Force EC 01.002 Cigognes 4 x Mirage 2000-5F Deployment had a strength of 110 personnel [14][15][16]
September 2008  United States United States Air Force 48th Fighter Wing ? x F-15C Eagle [17][18]
4 - 30 March 2009  Denmark Royal Danish Air Force 727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing. 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon 48 personnel deployed [13][19][20]
? 2009  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 338 skv & 331 skv ? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon [13][21][22]
? 2009  United States United States Air Force ? ? [13]
1 – 31 March 2010  Denmark Royal Danish Air Force 727 squadron, 730 squadron and Air Control Wing. 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon This deployment included two ground intercept controllers from the Estonian Defence Forces. [19][23][24]
1 – 25 June 2010  Germany German Air Force Jagdgeschwader 71 6 x F-4F Phantom II [25]
6 – 24 September 2010  United States United States Air Force 493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing 8 x F-15C Eagle About 200 personnel deployed [26][27]
28 March – 30 April 2011  Canada Royal Canadian Air Force 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron 5 x CF-18 Hornet About 140 personnel deployed [28][29]
? 2011  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 331 skv ? x F-16AM Fighting Falcon [13][22]
? 2011  United States United States Air Force ? [13]
5 March – 2 April 2012  Germany German Air Force Jagdgeschwader 71 6 x F-4F Phantom II [30]
1 May – 7 June 2012  United States United States Air Force 493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron 4 X F-15C Eagle 1 x KC-135 Stratotanker & 1 x C-130J Hercules supported deployment [31][32][33]
7 August–20 September 2012  Portugal Portuguese Air Force 201 and 301 Squadrons 6 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon Detachment had a strength of 70 military personnel [34]
18 March – 28 April 2013  Canada Royal Canadian Air Force 425 Tactical Fighter Squadron 6 x CF-18 Hornet Detachment consisted of 1 x CC-150 Polaris & 160 Canadian Forces personnel [35]
7 June – 10 July 2013  Italy Italian Air Force 4° Stormo - 9° Gruppo 6 x Eurofighter Typhoon 2 x KC-767, 1 x C-130J Super Hercules and about 150 personnel deployed [36][37]
November 2013  United States United States Air Force 493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Air Expeditionary Group 6 x F-15C Eagle
2 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker personnel deployed
[38]
27 January – 21 February 2014  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 338 skv & 331 skv 6 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon About 110 personnel deployed [39][40][21][22]
16 May – 5 June 2014  United States United States Air Force 48th Air Expeditionary Group 6 x F-15C Eagle 1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker & about 200 personnel deployed [41][42]
10 October – 3 December 2014  Czech Republic Czech Air Force 211th Tactical Squadron 5 x JAS 39C Gripen 75 personnel deployed [43][44]
17 April 2015 –  United States United States Air Force 871st Air Expeditionary Squadron 4 x F-15C Eagle 1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and about 200 personnel deployed [45]
27 July – 28 August 2015  Czech Republic Czech Air Force 211th Tactical Squadron 5 x JAS 39C Gripen The detachment conducted 91 sorties, and included 8 pilots and 60 other personnel. [46][47]
31 August – 1 October 2015  Denmark Royal Danish Air Force ? 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon Detachment had a strength of 60 personnel

[48][49]

4–28 April 2016  United States Massachusetts Air National Guard 131st Fighter Squadron 4 x F-15C Eagle 1 x Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker and about 160 personnel deployed [50][51]
30 May 2016 – ??  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force ? 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon 4 weeks June 2016 / About 80 personnel deployed [52]
5 October – late October 2016  Czech Republic Czech Air Force 211th Tactical Squadron 5 x JAS 39C Gripen 75 personnel deployed [53][54]
16 March – 14 April 2017  Italy Italian Air Force 4° Stormo 6 x Eurofighter Typhoon 145 personnel deployed for 3.011 million Euro [55][9]
18 May – Mid-June 2017  Canada Royal Canadian Air Force 433 Tactical Fighter Squadron 6 x CF-18 Hornet Detachment consisted of 154 personnel [56]
23 August – Late September 2017  United States Florida Air National Guard 159th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron 6 x F-15C Eagle 1 x KC-135, 1 x KC-10 aircraft and personnel from both the Louisiana and Florida Air National Guard. Detachment included approximately 280 personnel. [57][58][59]
14 April 2018 - 30 May 2018  Denmark Royal Danish Air Force Esk 730 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon Approximately 60 personnel [48][60][61][62][63]
30 July - 31 August 2018  United States United States Air Force 493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron 14 x F-15C Eagle Included 300 personnel [64][65][66]
4 September – 5 October 2018  Italy Italian Air Force 37° Stormo - 18° Gruppo 4 x Eurofighter Typhoon 120 personnel deployed [10][67]
11 March 2019 – 11 April 2019  Italy Italian Air Force 36° Stormo - 10° Gruppo & 12° Gruppo 4 x Eurofighter Typhoon 130 personnel deployed [68][69][70][71]
29 July - 10 August 2019  United States United States Air Force 480th Fighter Squadron 5 x F-16C Over 100 personnel deployed [72][73]
1 – 25 October 2019  Italy Italian Air Force 32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo 6 x F-35A Lightning II F-35's first Icelandic Air Policing deployment. 1 x KC-767 supported deployment [7][74][75][76]
13 November – 10 December 2019  United Kingdom Royal Air Force No. 1 Squadron 4 x Eurofighter Typhoon Approximately 100 personnel [77][78][79][80]
21 February – March 2020  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 332 Squadron 4 x F-35A Lightning II 130 military and civilian personnel [81][82]
9 June – mid-July 2020  Italy Italian Air Force 32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo 6 x F-35A Lightning II 135 military personnel [83][84]
13 October 2020 - ?  United States United States Air Force 493rd Expeditionary Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing ? x F-15C Eagle [85]
22 February – 5 March 2021  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 332 Squadron 4 x F-35A Lightning II 130 military personnel [86][87]
July 2021  United States United States Air Force 493rd Fighter Squadron, 48th Fighter Wing 3 x F-15C Eagle, 1 x F-15E Strike Eagle [88]
5 August 2021 – 10 October 2021  Poland Polish Air Force 32nd Air Base 4 x General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon 140 personnel [89]
1 February – 30 March 2022  Portugal Portuguese Air Force 301 Squadron 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon 155 military personnel [90][91]
25 April – 4 July 2022  Italy Italian Air Force 32° Stormo - 13° Gruppo 4 x F-35A Lightning II
2 x F-35B Lightning II[92]
130+ military personnel. F-35Bs deployed for one week; 1 x KC-767 & 1 x C-130J supported deployment.[93] [94][95][96]
17 August 2022 – Mid-September 2022  Denmark Royal Danish Air Force Esk 727 & Esk 730 4 x F-16AM Fighting Falcon [97][98]
20 January 2023 – 9 February 2023  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 332 Squadron 4 x F-35A Lightning II Approximately 100 personnel [99][100][101][102]
22 October 2023 – 12 November 2023  United States United States Air Force 480th Fighter Squadron 4 x F-16C Approximately 100 personnel [103][104]
15 January – mid-February 2024  Norway Royal Norwegian Air Force 331 Squadron 4 x F-35A Lightning II Approximately 100 personnel [105][106]

A planned deployment of four British Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoons from No. 3 (F) Squadron in December 2008 was cancelled as a result of the Icesave dispute between Britain and Iceland.[107][108] Poland also cancelled a planned deployment of F-16 fighters to Iceland in 2010 due to the impact of the financial crisis of 2007–2010.[109] As part of the terms of an agreement signed in March 2019 between the British and Icelandic governments, the RAF was scheduled to undertake an air policing deployment to Iceland in 2019.[110]

Fighter aircraft deployed to Iceland are accompanied by NATO Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS aircraft to enhance the Iceland Air Defence System radar network as well as other supporting aircraft as required.[4]

In addition to the NATO deployments, fighter aircraft from Finland and Sweden have also undertaken training in Iceland.[9]

See also

References

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Petr Novický Datos personalesNombre completo Petr NovickýNacimiento Olomouc,  Checoslovaquia26 de marzo 1948Nacionalidad(es) República ChecaAltura 2,02 m (6′ 8″)Peso 98 kg (216 lb)Carrera deportivaDeporte BaloncestoSelección Checoslovaquia               Medallero  Checoslovaquia Baloncesto masculino Campeonato Europeo BronceItalia 1969Checoslovaquia [editar datos en Wikidata] Petr Nov…

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  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع دايتون (توضيح). دايتون     الإحداثيات 39°06′42″N 84°28′13″W / 39.1117°N 84.4703°W / 39.1117; -84.4703  تاريخ التأسيس 1867  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[1][2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة كامببيل  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 5.02657 كيلومتر مرب…

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (نوفمبر 2022) قوة البروتين هو كتاب يتحدث عن نظام غذائي يحتوي على نسبة عالية من البروتين ومنخفض الكربوهيدرات طوره الطبيب مايكل آر إيدس وزوجته ماري دان إيدس.[1] ملخص روج م…

Saharon ShelahSaharon Shelah, Universitas Rutgers, 2005Lahir3 Juli 1945 (umur 78)Yerusalem, Palestina Mandat BritaniaTempat tinggalYerusalem, IsraelKebangsaanIsraelAlmamaterUniversitas Tel Aviv (B.Sc)Universitas Ibrani (M.Sc.) Universitas Ibrani (Ph.D.)Karier ilmiahBidangMatematikaInstitusiUniversitas Ibrani, Universitas RutgersPembimbing doktoralMichael O. RabinMahasiswa doktoralRami Grossberg[1] Saharon Shelah (Ibrani: שהרן שלח, lahir 3 Juli 1945) adalah seorang matematikaw…

Town in Indiana, United StatesOtterbein, USATownThe view north along Main Street.Nickname: The Town Between Two CountiesLocation of Otterbein in Benton County and Tippecanoe County, Indiana.Map of OtterbeinOtterbein, USAOtterbein's location in Benton CountyCoordinates: 40°29′19″N 87°05′14″W / 40.48861°N 87.08722°W / 40.48861; -87.08722[1]CountryUnited StatesStateIndianaCountiesBenton, TippecanoeTownshipsBolivar, ShelbyArea[2] • …

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Arena Kota Meksiko. Arena MéxicoLa Catedral de la Lucha LibreKatedral Lucha LibreNama lamaArena Modelo (1910–1950)Lokasi189 Calle Dr. Lavista, Colonia Doctores, Kota Meksiko, 06720Koordinat19°25′29″N 99°9′7″W / 19.42472°N 99.15194°W / 19.42472; -99.15194Koordinat: 19°25′29″N 99°9′7″W / 19.42472°N 99.15194°W / 19.42472; -99.15194PemilikConsejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL)Kapasitas16,500 (Gulat p…

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tid…

この項目では、1951年設立の中部電力(本社名古屋市)について説明しています。 1924年から1930年まで存在した中部電力(本社岐阜県多治見市)については「多治見電灯所」をご覧ください。 1930年から1937年まで存在した中部電力(本社愛知県岡崎市)については「中部電力 (1930-1937)」をご覧ください。 画像提供依頼:1988年〜2007年の間に使用されていたシンボルマーク・…

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Педан. Адольф Педанукр. Адольф Мелентійович Педан Имя при рождении Адольф Мелентьевич Педан Дата рождения 20 апреля 1936(1936-04-20) Место рождения Бурынь, Сумская область, Украинская ССР, СССР Дата смерти 8 января 1999(1999-01-08) …

Self-proclaimed independent republic, 1899–1902 Philippine RepublicRepública Filipina (Spanish)Republika ng Pilipinas (Tagalog)1899[Note 1]–1901[Note 2] Flag Emblem Motto: Libertad, Justicia, y Igualidad (English: Liberty, Justice, and Equality)[citation needed]Anthem: Marcha Nacional Filipina(English: Philippine National March)Territory controlled by the Philippine Republic, most of which it occupied except Manila and parts of Mindanao.StatusUnre…

Tongan noble and politician Lord FakafanuaFatafehi Fakafanua in 2013Speaker of the Legislative AssemblyIncumbentAssumed office December 2017Prime MinisterʻAkilisi PōhivaSemisi Sika (Acting)Pohiva TuʻiʻonetoaSiaosi SovaleniPreceded bySialeʻataongo TuʻivakanōIn office19 July 2012 – 29 December 2014Prime MinisterSialeʻataongo TuʻivakanōPreceded byLord LasikeSucceeded bySialeʻataongo TuʻivakanōMember of Parliamentfor Ha‘apai (noble)IncumbentAssumed office 16 Novembe…

1965 studio album by Vikki CarrAnatomy of LoveStudio album by Vikki CarrReleased1965GenrePopLabelLibertyProducerDave PellVikki Carr chronology Discovery Vol. II(1964) Anatomy of Love(1965) The Way of Today(1966) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingRecord Mirror[1] Anatomy of Love is the fourth album by Vikki Carr, released in 1965 on the Liberty Records label. The album sleeve included a liner note by Ethel Merman praising Vikki's talent. Track listing Side 1 Put on a Ha…

Czech-Swedish violinist (1840–1920) Maria Neruda Anna Marie Rudolfina Neruda (also known as Maria Arlberg or Madame Arlberg-Neruda; 26 March 1840 – 7 November 1920) was a Czech-Swedish violinist. Biography Born in Brno, Moravia, then part of the Austrian Empire, Neruda came from a musical family. Her grandfather was the noted Bohemian composer Johann Baptist Georg Neruda (1708–1780), and her father, Josef Neruda (1807–1875), was the organist of the cathedral of Brno. One of five children…

العلاقات الألمانية اللوكسمبورغية ألمانيا لوكسمبورغ   ألمانيا   لوكسمبورغ تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الألمانية اللوكسمبورغية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين ألمانيا ولوكسمبورغ.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية لل…

Railway station in Okaya, Nagano Prefecture, Japan Okaya Station岡谷駅Okaya Station in May 2017General informationLocation1-1-1 Honchō, Okaya-shi, Nagano-ken 394-0028JapanCoordinates36°03′24″N 138°02′41″E / 36.056741°N 138.044618°E / 36.056741; 138.044618Elevation766 meters[1]Owned by JR EastOperated by JR East JR Central Line(s) ■Chūō Main Line ■ Iida Line Platforms1 side + 1 island platformOther informationStatusStaffed (Midori no Madoguchi…

Битва при ЖарнакеОсновной конфликт: Третья гугенотская война Битва при Жарнаке (гравюра XVI века) Дата 13 марта 1569 года Место Бассак, около Жарнака Итог победа католиков Противники Католики Гугеноты Командующие Генрих Анжуйский, Гаспар де Таванн Людовик I де Конде †, Гаспар …

2014 studio album by John WilliamsonHonest PeopleStudio album by John WilliamsonReleased25 July 2014Length38:51LabelWarner Music AustraliaProducerJohn Williamson, Matt FellJohn Williamson chronology Hell of a Career(2013) Honest People(2014) Diggers of the Anzac(2015) Singles from Honest People Grandpa's CricketReleased: 3 January 2014[1] Honest PeopleReleased: 4 July 2014[2] Clouds Over TamworthReleased: 30 September 2014[3] Honest People is the nineteenth studio…

Hong Kong musician and actor (born 1948) In this Hong Kong name, the surname is Hui. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is Sam Hui and the Chinese-style name is Hui Koon-Kit. Sam HuiChinese: 許冠傑Sam Hui in 2018Born (1948-09-06) 6 September 1948 (age 75)Guangzhou, Guangdong, ChinaOther namesHui Koon-kit, Samuel HuiEducationThe University of Hong Kong (B.SocSc., 1971)OccupationsMusiciansingersongwriterrecord produceractorYears active1967–19922003…

Confédération des employeurs finlandaisHistoireFondation 1907Dissolution 1992Successeur Confédération des industries finlandaisesCadreType Organisation patronalePays  Finlandemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La confédération des employeurs finlandais (Suomen Työnantajain Keskusliitto, sigle STK) était une organisation patronale finlandaise. Histoire Ses origines remontent à la Confédération des employeurs finlandais fondée en 1907, qui a changé son nom en 1918 po…

2003 video gameCar TycoonDeveloper(s)Vectorcom DevelopmentPublisher(s)JoWooD ProductionsPlatform(s)Windows 95/98/ME/2000ReleaseJanuary 5, 2003 (US)Genre(s)Business simulation gameMode(s)1 Player Car Tycoon is a business simulation game that was released on January 5, 2003 by JoWooD Productions under the Fishtank Interactive brand name. It was the first major game by the developer, German studio Vectorcom Development, and sees the player managing a company that develops and manufactures cars. Bug…

У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Церква Преображення Господнього. Церква Преображення Господнього (Бурканів) Тип церкваКраїна  Україна : ISO3166-1 alpha-3:UKR; ISO3166-1 цифровий:804; Розташування БурканівКонфесія ПЦУБудівництво 1990  Церква Преображенн…

30th Iowa Infantry RegimentIowa state flagActiveSeptember 20, 1862, to June 5, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantryEngagementsBattle of Chickasaw BayouBattle of Arkansas PostSiege of VicksburgBattle of Lookout MountainBattle of Missionary RidgeBattle of Ringgold GapBattle of ResacaBattle of DallasBattle of Kennesaw MountainBattle of AtlantaBattle of JonesboroBattle of GriswoldvilleMarch to the SeaBattle of BentonvilleMilitary unit The 30th Iowa Infantry Regiment was an infantry …

F Encierro en Santo Domingo durante San FermínLugarUbicación Cuenca de Pamplona, Comunidad Foral de NavarraÁrea abastecida Cuenca de PamplonaDescripciónTipo Autobús urbanoSistema Transporte Urbano Comarcal de PamplonaInauguración 5 de julio de 2015Depósitos EzcabaCaracterísticas técnicasParadas 648Características Elevación 443 mVelocidad máxima 50 km/hExplotaciónEstado En servicioN.º de autobuses 149Empleados 149Velocidad media 13,0 km/hOperador TCC (Transports Ciutat Comtal)Esquem…

Ricerca in profonditàOrdine di esplorazione dei nodiClasseAlgoritmo di ricerca Struttura datiGrafo Caso peggiore temporalmente O ( | V | + | E | ) {\displaystyle O(|V|+|E|)} (per grafi espliciti)[1] O ( b d ) {\displaystyle O(b^{d})} (per grafi impliciti)[2] Caso peggiore spazialmente O ( | V | ) {\displaystyle O(|V|)} (per grafi espliciti)[3] O ( b d ) {\displaystyle O(b^{d})} (per grafi impliciti)[2] OttimaleNo CompletoNo Manuale Nella teoria dei grafi, la rice…

Railway station in New Delhi, India This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Shivaji Bridge railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2019) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from…

Genus of gastropods Montenegrina Shells of Montenegrina cattaroensis, scale bar in mm and cm Conservation status NE Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda (unranked): clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneuraclade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra Superfamily: Clausilioidea Family: Clausiliidae Genus: MontenegrinaBoettger, 1877 [1] Montenegrina is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropo…

Sigourney WeaverSigourney Weaver în 2011Date personaleNume la naștereSusan Alexandra WeaverNăscută8 octombrie 1949 (74 de ani)Manhattan, New York CityNew York, SUAPărințiSylvester Weaver (deceased)Elizabeth Inglis (deceased)Căsătorită cuJim Simpson (c. 1984)Număr de copii1 Copii1 (Charlotte Simpson)Cetățenie Statele Unite ale Americii OcupațieActrițăLocul desfășurării activitățiiStatele Unite ale Americii[1] Limbi vorbitelimba engleză[3]limba france…

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