While official report was actually the summary of the sporting events held at the 1900 Exposition Universelle and so can not be considered as reliable source,[7] the IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris,[8] but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.[9][10]
The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis were the first Olympics outside of Europe, with very few top-class athletes from outside the North America taking part, and saw the participation of 12 to 15 nations, including a not yet existing Union of South Africa represented by a Boer team of extras from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.[11][12]
Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official Games of the Olympiad by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908[13] and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.[14]
At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated Australasia.
The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.
Inter-war years
After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated,[15] but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.
The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,[16]
even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.[17]
Competitors from 37 nations travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.[18]
The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.[19]
The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo or Helsinki and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Post-war years and Cold War era
Participating nations at the opening ceremony of the 1952 Games in Helsinki
Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan.[20] The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China and the return of Germany and Japan.[21] The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott.[22]Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.[23]
The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.[29]
Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa.[30] The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 80 nations participated.[31] The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.[32]
The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.[33]
The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations,[35] including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Summer Games,[36] and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.[37]
A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,[38] with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition.[39]
The 2012 Games in London increased this record to 206 nations, even though only 204 NOCs were represented.[40] Brunei returned to the Games, but athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles competed as Independent Olympic Athletes, after the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 as a consequence of the dissolution of the Caribbean country. One athlete from South Sudan also competed as an independent athlete, since the nation had not yet formed a National Olympic Committee after its independence in 2011.
A further increase occurred in the 2016 Summer Olympics, with 206 nations represented: South Sudanese athletes were able to compete under their nation's flag and Kosovo made their debut as an independent team. There was also a team made up of refugees, made up of athletes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, South Sudan and Syria who had fled their home countries and could not compete under their home NOC.
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the 2020 Summer Olympics in 2021 also had 206 teams represented, with only North Korea boycotting. However, the Russian Olympic Committee was banned, and Russian athletes competed as independent athletes with no national flag and anthem, due to doping sanctions.,[41] On March 28, 2023, it was announced that Russian and Belarusian athletes compete as Individual Neutral Athletes and the abbreviation AIN, and North Korea returned to Paris 2024.
List of nations
Nations participated in the Summer Olympics
Description
This list includes all 206 current NOCs,[42] 21 obsolete NOCs and 3 other entries, arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.[43] However, in this section, several countries uses long-form names designated by the United Nations uses short form common names such as for example: Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic), North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and Moldova (Republic of Moldova).
Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other notes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself.
Obsolete nations
Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.
ANZ. In the 1908[13] and 1912[14] Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated Australasia (ANZ).[44]
ROC. The Republic of China (ROC) was designated as China from 1932[18] to 1948,[20] representing all of China (including Taiwan at the 1948 Games). After the Chinese Civil War, Taiwan participated using the Republic of China designation in 1956,[22] 1960,[24] and 1972.[28]
SAA, EUA, FRG, GDR. Due to the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games—Germany and the Saar (SAA).[21] The Saar was reintegrated into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany.[27]East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955.[45] For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (GER), representing the National Olympic Committees of both East Germany and West Germany.[27] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.[46] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968–1988.[45]
MAL, NBO. Prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, athletes from Malaya (MAL) competed at the 1956 Games[22] and 1960 Games,[24] and athletes from North Borneo (NBO) competed at the 1956 Games.[22]
BWI. Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games.[24] The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958 to 1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.[25]
^Dionysios Kasdaglis, a tennis player in 1896, is listed as Egyptian in some sources. However he was a Greek national who resided in Alexandria. IOC recognizes Kasdaglis as Greek.
^ For athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics, Adolphe Klingelhoeffer was the son of a Brazilian diplomat. Although he was born and raised in Paris, he had Brazilian citizenship in 1900 and maintained this citizenship until at least the 1940s per French athletics historian Alain Bouille. This wasn't discovered until late 2008 so his participation is usually attributed to France.
^ Some sources[9][52] consider Freydoun Malkom, a fencer who competed at the 1900 Games, of Persian nationality and therefore the first Olympic appearance by Iran.
ab France did not send a team to the 1904 Summer Olympics. However, Albert Corey, a French immigrant to the United States, who won two silver medals in athletics, was of French nationality.[53] The IOC attributes his medal in the marathon to France and the medal in the four mile team race to a mixed team composed of athletes from multiple nations.[46]
^Syria was part of the United Arab Republic in 1960, but it is unknown if any Syrian athletes participated as part of the UAR team.
^Singapore was part of the Federation of Malaysia in 1964 before gaining independence in 1965.
abcdCameroon, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia competed for the first three days of the 1976 Games before withdrawing in support of the boycott by most African nations.[29]
abcdeSuriname at the 1960 Games, Libya at the 1964 Games, Liberia at the 1980 Games, Brunei at the 1988 Games, and Djibouti at the 2004 Games took part in the opening ceremony, but no athletes competed, so they are not counted as the participating nations at the IOC Olympic Games web site. Suriname's lone athlete withdrew from 1960 Games due to a scheduling error. Libya marched in the opening ceremony of the 1964 Games,[25] but then withdrew from competition. Liberia's athletes withdrew from 1980 Games after marching in the opening ceremony and took part of the boycott. Brunei's participation in the 1988 Games consisted only of a single official, but no competing athletes.[33]Djibouti marched in the Parade of Nations for the 2004 Games, but no athletes competed.
a Italy did not send a team to the 1904 Olympics. However, Track cyclistFrank Bizzoni, an Italian immigrant to the United States, from New Jersey, was of Italian nationality until 1917.[54]
a The Union of South Africa did not exist yet in 1904, it was created in 1910 from 4 British colonies and the SANOC was only created in 1907. However some extras workers at the Second Boer War exhibition at the St. Louis World's Fair participated in the St. Louis Olympics as a Boer tug of war team, and as two "Zulu" runners in the marathon. In fact the South African runners were Tswanas and former prisoners of war and were also the first ever Black African runners at the Olympics.[55]
^ Australia was not yet a united Commonwealth of Australia but six separate British crown colonies until 1901. Nevertheless, IOC attributes the 1896 and 1900 participation to an Australian nation. Participation of Australia includes also two Games featuring the Australasia team.
^De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896". The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896(PDF). Athens: Charles Beck. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^"Athens 1896". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^ abc(ed.) Berlioux, Monique (July–August 1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism"(PDF). Olympic Review (93–94). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 290–306. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^(ed.) Berlioux, Monique (November–December 1976). "Africa and the XXIst Olympiad"(PDF). Olympic Review (109–110). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 584–585. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^"London 2012". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^On December 9, 2019, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) announced Russia's ban from all international competition for the next four years as a result of its state-run doping program. On 17 December 2020, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) decided to reduce the sanction to two years and that, instead of an outright ban, Russian athletes would be allowed to participate in international competitions, but without using their name, flag or Russian anthem. On February 19, 2021, it was announced that Russian athletes would participate in the games under the banner of the Russian Olympic Committee and the abbreviation ROC.
^(ed.) Berlioux, Monique (January–February 1974). "New Zealand and Olympism"(PDF). Olympic Review (74–75). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 44–59. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^ ab(ed.) Berlioux, Monique (September–October 1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism"(PDF). Olympic Review (95–96). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 362–377. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^"Decisions of the 99th Session"(PDF). Olympic Review (299). International Olympic Committee: 415–416. September 1992. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^(ed.) Berlioux, Monique (August–September 1983). "China and Olympism"(PDF). Olympic Review (190–191). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee: 583–592. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
^Charles J.P. Lucas (1905). The Olympic Games — 1904(PDF) (PDF). St. Louis, MO: Woodard & Tiernan. p. 47. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
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