A condemned prisoner's last meal is a customary ritual preceding execution. In many countries, the prisoner may, within reason, select what the last meal will be.
Contemporary restrictions in the United States
Contrary to the common belief that all last meal requests, regardless of their complexity, must be fulfilled, various restrictions are in place over what can be requested.[1][2]
In the United States, most states give the meal a day or two before execution and use the euphemism "special meal". Alcohol and tobacco are usually, but not always, denied. Unorthodox or unavailable requests are replaced with similar substitutes. Some states place tight restrictions. Sometimes, a prisoner asks to share the last meal with another inmate (as Francis Crowley did with John Resko in 1932) or has the meal distributed among other inmates (as requested by Raymond Fernandez in 1951).[3]
In Florida, the food for the last meal must be purchased locally and the cost is limited to $40.[4] In Oklahoma, the cost is limited to $25. In Louisiana, the prison warden traditionally joins the condemned prisoner for the last meal. On one occasion, the warden paid for an inmate's lobster dinner.[5]
In Texas, the tradition of customized last meals is thought to have been established around 1924.[6] However, in September 2011, the state of Texas abolished all special meal requests after condemned prisoner Lawrence Russell Brewer requested a large and expensive last meal, but did not eat any of it, stating that he was not hungry.[7][8][5][9] Since then, the prisoner's last meal is whatever is being served in the Huntsville Unit cafeteria on the day of execution.[10]
Documented last meal requests
This represents the items requested, as reported, but does not in all cases represent what the prisoner actually received.
Sacramental bread. Casement converted to Catholicism before his execution and stated he intended to go "to my death with the body of my God as my last meal."[11]
A pan-fried chicken, some pastries, boiled beef and puréed turnips. He additionally received a dessert consisting of two chicken wings, vegetables, two glasses of wine cut with water, a piece of sponge cake, and a glass of Malaga wine.[18]
Roast chicken with salad and Coca-Cola on ice, fried eggs and sausages,[29] and a meal of specially-made pea soup with sausages from the Dutch Embassy.[30]
Declined a special meal, instead requesting a bottle of Carmel red wine with the usual prison food of cheese, bread, olives, and tea. He drank about half of the bottle.[32]
The Times states that "he refused their offers of cigarettes and a last meal of chicken and shawarma rice."[35] Other sources state Hussein ate his last meal of chicken and rice, and had a cup of hot water with honey. Regardless of the source, whatever Hussein actually had for his last meal is uncertain.[36]
Medium rare rib eye steak, a baked potato with butter and sour cream, a salad made of iceberg lettuce, cucumber and tomato, baked garlic bread, lemon meringue pie, and a bottle of Coca-Cola.[52]
Declined a special meal, so he was given (but did not eat) the traditional steak (medium-rare), eggs (over easy), hash browns, toast, milk, coffee, juice, butter, and jelly.[32][54]
One lobster tail, fried potatoes, a half-pound of fried shrimp, six ounces of fried clams, half a loaf of garlic bread, and 32 ounces of A&W root beer.[57]
Declined a special meal. He was served the regular prison meal for that day consisting of shredded turkey with taco seasoning, shredded cheese, rice, pinto beans, tortilla shells, apple crisp and iced tea, but declined that as well.[58]
Delmonico steak, a baked potato with sour cream and bacon bits, tossed salad with Roquefort dressing, buttered lima beans, a half gallon of mint chocolate-chip ice cream, and a 2-litre bottle of Pepsi.[66]
French fried butterfly jumbo prawns with cocktail sauce, one order of Ravioli, tossed green salad (mainly composed of romaine lettuce) with vinegar-and-oil dressing, chocolate cake, and a pack of Salem cigarettes.[69]
Buffalo steak, frybread, Kentucky Fried Chicken, sugar-free pecan pie, sugar-free black walnut ice cream, and whole milk. He let the ice-cream thaw out for an hour and turned it into a milkshake by hand.[70]
A 21-piece bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken, two large Domino's Pizzas, ice cream, a bag of jelly beans, a six-pack of Pepsi, and a pack of Camel cigarettes.[77][78] The pizzas were actually Tombstone Pizzas, per Vernell Crittendon's orders.[79] Crittendon worked at the prison and was responsible for dealing with the condemned person before his execution.
A seafood platter brought to the prison from a local restaurant, consisting of "fried catfish, three fried shrimp, three boiled shrimp, three fried oysters, three onion rings, a deviled crab and two sides".[87]
Two fried eggs over-medium, four slices of bacon, sliced tomatoes, fried green tomatoes, pineapple slices with mayonnaise, white bread, a banana and a medium-sized bottle of V8 juice.
A hamburger steak, a baked potato and French fries.[90] During his previous failed execution, Miller had meatloaf, chuckwagon steak, American cheese, French fries, apple sauce, instant potatoes, macaroni, apples and an orange drink.[91]
Declined a special meal, but shared two philly cheesesteak sandwiches, a bag of chips, two Dr. Pepper sodas, one bag of M&M's and an almond Hershey bar with two attorneys and three friends before the execution.[94]
A T-bone steak, hash browns, toast, and eggs slathered in A.1. Sauce.[98] Although Alabama typically provides last meals the afternoon of the execution, Smith's last meal was served at 10 AM, and he was not permitted to drink any fluids after 4 PM, two hours before his execution was scheduled to begin. This was done as a precaution to minimize the chance that Smith would vomit into his mask as the gas was being pumped in.[99] During his previous failed execution, Smith ate catfish fillets, baked potato, and cole slaw.[100]
Two chicken fried steaks smothered in gravy with sliced onions, a triple meat bacon cheeseburger with fixings on the side, a cheese omelet with ground beef, tomatoes, onions, bell peppers and jalapeños, a large bowl of fried okra with ketchup, one pound of barbecue wings with half a loaf of white bread, three fajitas with fixings, a Meat Lovers pizza, three root beers, one pint of Blue Bell vanilla ice cream, and a slab of peanut butter fudge with crushed peanuts.[106] Brewer's request was granted, but he refused the meal when it arrived saying that he was simply not hungry, prompting Texas to stop granting last meal requests to condemned inmates.[107]
A T-bone steak, french fries, ketchup, Worcestershire sauce, biscuits, peach cobbler and iced tea.[108] Originally Brooks wanted fried shrimp and oysters, but the prison chef told him shellfish was not an option.[109]
T-bone steak (medium to well done), french fries with ketchup, whole kernel corn, sweet peas, a lettuce and tomato salad with sliced egg and French dressing, iced tea, sweetener, saltines, Boston cream pie, and rolls.[105]
Declined a special meal and was given the regular prison meal of the day consisting of baked fish, peas, cole slaw, carrots, cheese grits, buns, fruit juice, and chocolate cake.[124] Alderman originally chose fried chicken, fried shrimps and a pint of cherry or strawberry ice cream as a last meal, but did not receive it since his execution was stayed.[125]
Declined a last meal, saying that he was fasting, then changed his mind and accepted a meal tray consisting of salami, mustard, peanut butter, jelly, wheat bread, a snack bag of tortilla chips, and a drink of water with a juice packet.[131]
Requested "the largest steak in town", but did not eat it. After his death, a reporter who had been present for the execution spotted the steak in the jail kitchen and helped himself to it.[135]
A gyro sandwich, a smoked brisket sandwich, two orders of french fries, a cola and a banana split.[147] Previously Bucklew had a t-bone steak, caesar salad, apple pie a la mode, and a baked potato before his execution was stayed.[148]
A bacon cheeseburger with American and cheddar cheese, a ribeye steak, six chicken tenders, seasoned French fries, cheesecake and strawberry lemonade.[149]
Declined a special meal, but had two cheeseburgers, a steak sandwich, and two cans of Coca-Cola from the prison canteen, for which he paid $4.20 from his prison account.[68]
Well done filet mignon smothered with mushrooms, fried chicken breasts, a salad with French dressing, sweet potato pie with whipped cream, french fries, collard greens, onion rings, cornbread, broccoli with melted cheese, biscuits and gravy, and a cherry Coca-Cola.
T-bone steak with A-1 sauce, onion rings, french fries, four eggs over easy, toast with butter, hash browns, a pint of rocky road ice cream, a Mountain Dew soft drink and authentic bear claw pastries[153]
Declined a special meal and was offered the standard meal tray: grilled cheeseburgers, oven-browned potatoes, baked beans, coleslaw, cookies and a grape drink.[155]
Eggs, bacon, waffles, sweet roll, cereal and orange juice. Elledge did not eat the dinner despite requesting it; his last meal was instead a breakfast consisting of apple juice, oatmeal, toast, hash browns, coffee and eggs.[161]
Two eggs sunny side up, fried potatoes, two slices of fried bologna, four slices of wheat bread, two slices of buttered wheat toast, four tomato slices, lettuce with mayonnaise, two 3 Musketeers bars and two packages of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups.[162]
Declined a special meal and requested the regular prison meal of the day: a grilled hamburger, a hot dog, white beans, coleslaw and grape beverage.[169]
Cheese dip with chips, Texas nachos with fajita meat and a diet frosted lemonade. Previously Gissendaner had cornbread, buttermilk, two Burger King Whoppers, two large orders of french fries, cherry vanilla ice cream, popcorn, lemonade and a salad with boiled eggs, tomatoes, green peppers, onions, carrots, cheese and Paul Newman buttermilk dressing before her execution was stayed.[171]
Declined a special meal, but was given a meal consisting of steak, fried potatoes, tossed salad, fruit cocktail and ice cream by prison officials. Graham ate the ice cream.[173]
Two bacon cheeseburgers with onion, tomato, pickles, lettuce and mustard, barbeque chips, a 2-liter bottle of Mr. Pibb, a half-gallon of Neapolitan ice cream, and a large pack of Nutter Butter sandwich cookies.[174]
Two dozen steamed mussels, two dozen steamed clams, a double cheeseburger from Burger King, half-dozen barbecued spare ribs, two strawberry milkshakes, half a pumpkin pie with whipped cream, and diced strawberries. He also had a 16-ounce can of spaghetti with meatballs, served at room temperature.[121] However, he issued a public statement complaining that he had requested SpaghettiOs, not regular canned spaghetti.[175]
Six fried eggs (over easy), four strips of bacon (chewy), two slices of buttered white bread toast, one cup of coffee, and two bottles of Coca-Cola (served with ice).[177]
Declined a special meal and was offered the institutional meal tray, consisting of shepherd's pie, mashed potatoes, red beans, cabbage relish salad, cornbread, sugar cookies and fruit punch.[185]
Declined a special request, but ate the standard meal of the day consisting of riblets on a bun, mixed vegetables, baked beans, white cake with white icing and iced tea.[186]
A 'deluxe combo' meal consisting of a double bacon cheeseburger with mayonnaise, mustard, lettuce, tomato and pickles, a large order of onion rings, a large Coca-Cola with a wedge of lime, and an extra-large strawberry-banana milkshake.
Pizza, jelly-filled doughnuts, and a strawberry shake. Johnson did not receive the doughnuts despite ordering them, only the pizza and strawberry shake were served to him.[187]
Refused the option of choosing his last meal, so was given the standard meal on the menu that day of chicken and rice, rutabaga, seasoned turnip greens, dry white beans, cornbread, bread pudding and fruit punch.[52]
Prime rib, lobster tails, potatoes with sour cream, chef salad with French dressing and a dinner roll. He also requested four cans of beer but they were denied.[192]
Two BLT sandwiches on white bread with mayonnaise, four fried eggs (over easy), a medium portion of hash browns, two breakfast rolls with strawberry jelly, half a pint of pineapple sherbet, a cup of coffee, a medium slice of German chocolate cake with coconut-caramel icing and a cup of milk.[195]
Six fried eggs (over easy), 16 strips of bacon, a large serving of hash browns, a pint of pineapple sherbet, a breakfast steak (well-done), a cup of ice, a can each of 7 Up, Dr Pepper, and Coca-Cola, hot sauce, a cup of coffee, two packs of sugar and four Rolaids.[195]
Chateaubriand steak, shrimp, a large baked potato and a Kentucky bourbon pecan pie. The meal was denied because it exceeded the $15 limit. He rejected a separate offer from the warden for a dinner from Western Sizzlin'.[200]
A medium steak, fried catfish and shrimp, scalloped potatoes, green peas, broccoli with cheese, sweet potato pie, German chocolate cake and grape juice.[208]
Steak (medium), jalapeño peppers with cream sauce, onion rings, a salad with cherry tomatoes, ham chunks, shredded cheese, bacon bits, and blue cheese and ranch dressing, coffee, lemon iced tea, and ice cream.
Three Burger King Whoppers, two large orders of french fries, a chocolate shake, chocolate chip ice cream, and a package of grape Hubba Bubba bubblegum, to be shared with his brother and a cousin.[215]
Three Fried eggs, sunny side up; four slices of bacon; one order of hash brown potatoes; two slices of whole wheat toast, with two pats of real butter; two individual serving size boxes of Raisin Bran cereal; two cartons of milk; two cups of Tasters Choice coffee.[177]
20 chicken nuggets with Ranch, BBQ and honey mustard dips, three large servings of French fries with ketchup, a crispy chicken sandwich, a regular chicken sandwich, a large cola and a caramel frappe.[217]
A stuffed crust pizza from Pizza Hut, four Burger King Whoppers, a large order of french fries, three two-liter bottles of Pepsi, a bucket of ice, a bottle of ketchup, salt, fried eggplant, fried squash, fried okra, and a pecan pie. In an interview prior to his execution date, he said he was going to share his last meal with another inmate who was going to be executed the same day. He went on to say he originally wanted to have a roast duck for his last meal, but declined because he felt the prison would likely not prepare it.
Steak, fried chicken, cherry Kool-Aid, and a pecan pie. Rector, rendered mentally incapacitated by his suicide attempt after murdering a police officer, said that he did not eat the pie because he was "saving it for later".[221]
A small Little Caesars's pizza with double cheese and double pepperoni, eight salt packets, eight crushed red pepper packets, a bottle of ginger ale, a Styrofoam cup and two vanilla ice cream cups.[224][225]
Declined a special meal, but dined on the regular prison meal of the day: turkey à la king over rice, mixed vegetables, white bread, fruit, and a beverage.[226]
Whole lobster, well-done prime rib, fried potatoes, salad with tomatoes and onions and Italian dressing, two pints of ice cream, a half gallon of milk, a two-liter bottle of soda and two apple fritters.[237]
Three fried chicken breasts, fried potato wedges and ketchup, nacho chips with chili and cheese sauce, jalapeños, ice cream, banana pudding, and two Mountain Dews.[240][241]
Declined a special meal for himself, but he asked for a large vegetarian pizza to be given to a homeless person in Nashville, Tennessee. This request was denied by the prison, but carried out by others across the country.[247][248]
^Hoshowsky, Robert J (2007). The last to die : Ronald Turpin, Arthur Lucas and the end of capital punishment in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 174. ISBN9781550026726.
^Griffin, Michael (23 March 1998). "Execution flurry begins". The Orlando Sentinel. p. 1. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017 – via newspapers.com.
^ ab"Final Meal Requests". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. 12 September 2003. Archived from the original on 2 December 2003. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
^Meserve, Jeanne; Ahlers, Mike M. (11 November 2009). "Sniper John Allen Muhammad executed". Jarratt, Virginia: CNN. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2010. The lawyer said Muhammad's last meal was "chicken and red sauce, and he had some cakes.
^"Jay Wesley Neill". Clark Prosecutor. Archived from the original on 3 November 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
^"John B. Nixon Sr". Clark Prosecutor. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
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