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LZH
Filename extension	.lzh, .lha
Internet media type	application/x-lzh-compressed
Type code	"LHA␣" (L-H-A-SPACE)
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)	public.archive.lha
Developed by	Haruyasu Yoshizaki (Yoshi)
Type of format	Data compression
Extended from	LArc

LHA
Other names	LHarc, LHx, LH
Original author(s)	Haruyasu Yoshizaki
Stable release	2.13 / 20 July 1991; 33 years ago
Preview release	2.55b / 24 November 1992; 31 years ago
Written in	Assembly language, C
Operating system	DOS
Successor	LHA32
License	Permissive license
Website	https://www.vector.co.jp/vpack/browse/person/an000224.html

LHA or LZH is a freeware compression utility and associated file format. It was created in 1988 by Haruyasu Yoshizaki (吉崎栄泰, Yoshizaki Haruyasu), a doctor, and originally named LHarc. A complete rewrite of LHarc, tentatively named LHx, was eventually released as LH. It was then renamed to LHA to avoid conflicting with the then-new MS-DOS 5.0 LH ("load high") command. The original LHA and its Windows port, LHA32, are no longer in development because Yoshizaki is busy at work.^[1]

Although no longer much used in the west, LHA remained popular in Japan until the 2000s.^[2] It was used by id Software to compress installation files for their earlier games, including Doom and Quake. Because some versions of LHA have been distributed with source code under the permissive license, LHA has been ported to many operating systems and is still the main archiving format used on the Amiga computer, although it competed with LZX in the mid-1990s. This was due to Aminet, the world's largest archive of Amiga-related software and files, standardising on Stefan Boberg's implementation of LHA for the Amiga.

Microsoft released the Microsoft Compressed (LZH) Folder Add-on, which was designed for the Japanese version of Windows XP.^[3] The Japanese version of Windows 7 ships with the LZH folder add-on built-in.^[4] Users of non-Japanese versions of Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate can also install the LZH folder add-on by installing the optional Japanese language pack from Windows Update.

Compression methods

In an LZH archive, the compression method is stored as a five-byte text string, e.g. -lz1-. These are the third through seventh bytes of the file.

Canonical LZH

LHarc compresses files using an algorithm from Yoshizaki's earlier LZHUF product, which was modified from LZARI developed by Haruhiko Okumura (奥村晴彦, Okumura Haruhiko), but uses Huffman coding instead of arithmetic coding. LZARI uses Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski with arithmetic coding.

lh0: No compression method is applied to the source data.
lh1: This method is introduced in LHarc version 1.; It supports 4 KiB sliding window, with support of maximum 60 bytes of matching length. Dynamic Huffman encoding is used.
lh2: lh1 variant. This method supports 8 KiB sliding window, with support of maximum 256 bytes of matching length. Dynamic Huffman encoding is used.
lh3: lh2 variant with Static Huffman.
lh4, lh5, lh6, lh7: Methods 4, 5, 6, 7 support 4, 8, 32, 64 KiB sliding window respectively, with support of maximum 256 bytes of matching length. Static Huffman encoding is used. lh5 is first introduced in LHarc 2, followed by lh6 in LHA 2.66 (MSDOS), lh7 in LHA 2.67 beta (MSDOS). LHA itself never compresses into lh4.
lhd: Technically it is not a compression method, but it is used in .LZH archive to indicate that the compressed object is an empty directory.

Joe Jared extensions

Joe Jared extended LZSS to use larger dictionaries.

lh8, lh9, lha, lhb, lhc, lhe: Dictionary (sliding window) sizes are 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 KiB respectively.

Jared ported LZH to Atari. The fact that lh8 is the same as lh7 was an oversight. Files using larger numbered methods may as well not exist, as Jared only considers them planned features.^[5]

UNLHA32 extensions

UNLHA32.DLL uses its own method for testing purposes.

lhx: It uses 128–256 KiB dictionary.

PMarc extensions

These compression methods are created by PMarc, a CP/M archiver created by Miyo. The archive usually has a .PMA extension.

pc1: PopCom compressed executable archive. Details unknown.
pm0: No compression method is applied to the source data.
pm1: 8 KB sliding window, static huffman. Seldom generated, decompressor is reverse-engineered.^[6]
pm2: lh5 variant, 4K sliding window.
pms: Used to indicate PMarc self-extracting archive. Should be skipped to reveal the real format.

LArc extensions

LArc uses the same file format as .LZH, but was written by Kazuhiko Miki, Haruhiko Okumura and Ken Masuyama, with extension name ".LZS".^[7] The program seems to have come before LZH. It uses a binary search tree in the LZ matching.^[8]

lzs: It supports 2 KiB sliding window, with support of maximum 17 bytes of matching length.
lz2: It is similar to lzs, except dictionary size and match length can be changed.
lz3: Unknown.
lz4: No compression method is applied to the source data.
lz5: It supports 4 KiB sliding window, with support of maximum 17 bytes of matching length.
lz7
lz8: Unknown.

Common implementations appear to only support lzs, lz5, plus the storage-only lz4.

Issues

LHICE/ICE

There are copies of LHICE marked as version 1.14. According to Okumura, LHICE is not written by Yoshizaki.^[9]

Y2K11 bug

Because of a bug, DOS time stamps from Level 0 and 1 headers after the year 2011 will be set to 1980, meaning that some utilities need to be patched. This is caused by a bug that interprets the unsigned 7-bit year number bitfield as a 5-bit number. The maximum year should be 2107 instead.^[10]^[11]

The newer Level 2 and 3 headers use a 32-bit Unix time instead. It suffers from the Year 2038 problem.^[12]

Header size

According to Micco, the author of a popular LHA library UNLHA32.DLL, many LHA implementations do not check for the length of LHA file headers when reading the archive. Two problems could emerge from this scenario: a buffer-overrun may occur for naive implementations assuming a 4KB max size from the original specification; antivirus software may skip over files with such large headers and fail to scan for a virus. A similar problem exists with ARJ. Micco reported this problem to Japanese authorities, but they do not consider it a valid vulnerability.^[13]

Micco went so far to conclude the development of UNLHA32 and advise people to give up on the format. Nevertheless, they came back in 2017 to fix a DLL hijacking issue.

References

^ "LHA World by Dr.Haruyasu Yoshizaki". 1999-04-28. Archived from the original on 1999-04-28. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
^ 吉澤, 亨史 (2010-06-07). "「LZH」の開発中止--企業などは使用しないよう作者が注意喚起". CNET Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-01-12.
^ "Microsoft Compressed (LZH) Folder Add-on". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
^ "Windows 7 で (LZH の圧縮に Microsoft) フォルダーのアドインをインストールできません". Support.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
^ Jared (1998). lzhformat.html
^ "fragglet/lhasa". GitHub. 7 July 2022.
^ "圧縮データの拡張子 ".LZS" | 圧縮・解凍ソフトのガイド". Lzh-zip.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
^ "Data Compression Algorithms of LARC and LHarc". GameDev.net.
^ "History of Data Compression in Japan". Oku.edu.mie-u.ac.jp. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ "Aminet - util/arc/lha138pch.lha". Aminet.net. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ "Aminet - util/arc/lha_68k.lha". Aminet.net. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ Nifty's LHA Format Notes, Other data formats.
^ "LZH書庫のヘッダー処理における脆弱性について(2010年版)". micco.mars.jp.

External links

A history of data compression in Japan
LHA Notes Document about LHA.
jLHA – LHA library for Java
- jLHA front-end
LHA for Unix Archived 2007-05-28 at the Wayback Machine (in Japanese)
Hacking Data Compression Lesson 11 LZH, LZARI, and LZB
NSRL Magic File contains PMarc info
Explzh Current Windows 7 archiver for LZH/LHA. (Besides LZH it supports RAR, Zip, 7Z, ACE, Tar, Cab & others)
lhasa a cross-platform, open source LHA decompressor (+UNLHA32, PMArc, LArc extensions)
lzh format document describing LZH header format.