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British–Italian relations
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of the United Kingdom, Rome	Embassy of Italy, London
Envoy
Ambassador Edward Llewellyn	Ambassador Inigo Lambertini

The bilateral relations between the Italian Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are warm and exceptionally strong.^[1] Both nations are members of the United Nations, NATO, Council of Europe, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, G7 and G20 major economies, World Trade Organization, and among others.^[2]

The Italian ambassador to the United Kingdom is Inigo Lambertini since the 6th of October 2022,^[3] and the British ambassador to Italy is Edward Llewellyn since February 2022.

History

Diplomatic relations between Britain and Italy predate both Britain and Italy's unification, with diplomatic exchanges between the Papal States and England growing particularly heated during the investiture disputes between kings William and John and their respective archbishops of Canterbury Anselm and Langton. The latter feud ended with John's excommunication being lifted in exchange for swearing his fealty to the papacy.

Later, the Court of St. James hosted ambassadors from various states of the Italian peninsula, including those of the Kingdom of Sicily and Piedmont-Sardinia's Count Perron. The British government gave moral and diplomatic support to the "Risorgimento" (Unification of Italy) and the creation of the modern Italian state against considerable international opposition.^[4] The famed hero of unification, Giuseppe Garibaldi was widely celebrated in Britain, with a peak in 1861.^[5]

Twentieth century

Italy and Britain concluded the London Pact and entered a formal alliance on 26 April 1915. Following this, Britain, Italy, and the rest of the Allied Nations won the First World War. During that war, British intelligence subsidized Benito Mussolini's activism.^[6] Following the march on Rome, Italy initially maintained their close ties with Great Britain. Both countries stood opposed to the French occupation of the Ruhr, and found common ground on the formation of the Four-Power Pact. However, it became clear that Mussolini's expansionist ambitions began to run opposed to Britain's desire to uphold the status quo in the Mediterranean.^[7]

The initial Corfu incident did little to endear Italo-British relations. Italy occupied the Greek island of Corfu following a disputed killing of Italian arbitrators on the mission to more clearly define the Greco-Albanian border. The conference of Ambassadors that followed was seen as Mussolini's first diplomatic victory, where Italy was granted concessions from Greece, including paving the way for the secession of Jubaland from Britain in modern-day Somalia.

Relations finally broke down following the Italian invasion of Abyssinia. Under the guidelines of the League of Nations, Great Britain implemented economic sanctions against Italy, which would cause a lasting rift in their relationship. Although attempts were made to accommodate Italy's ambitions with the Hoare-Laval Pact, which would accept the expansion of Italian Eritrea's sphere of influence over all of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia). However, the treaty's unpopularity forced Hoare's resignation,^[6] and future British governments showed more opposition.^[8] The subsequent lack of recognition of Italian East Africa from Great Britain made it apparent that Italy would need to seek approval elsewhere.^[7]

With Italy and Germany increasingly facilitating cooperation, Britain made an attempt to prevent Italy from further drifting into Germany's sphere of influence. On April 16, 1938, Italy and Britain signed the Easter Accords, which helped to obtain consensus over the status quo in the Arabian peninsula, uphold freedom of navigation in the Suez, and to preserve the peace between their colonial possessions in East Africa. Ethiopia was conveniently not named in the agreements. This ultimately proved to be insufficient in reattaining the previously friendly attitude between the two Empires.^[9]

Owing to Mussolini's Axis Pact between his Italy and Hitler's Germany, in 1940 Italy joined the Second World War on the side of Germany. Britain and Italy were thus at war through the early 1940s, until the Allied invasion of Sicily ended with Italy's defeat in 1943. The Italian government overthrew Mussolini in 1943 and signed an armistice with the Allies. Germany meanwhile invaded the northern half of Italy, released Mussolini, and set up the Italian Social Republic, a puppet regime that helped Germany fight against the Allies until it collapsed in spring 1945.^[10]

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The United Kingdom and Italy now enjoy a warm and friendly relationship. Queen Elizabeth II made four state visits to the Italian Republic during her reign, in 1961, 1980, 2000, and April 2014, when she was received by President Giorgio Napolitano.

The former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Rishi Sunak, had a good relationship with his Italian counterpart, Giorgia Meloni. They met several times, both in London and Rome, and at international summits. Prime Minister Sunak attended the right-wing political festival "Atreju" hosted by Meloni, which was also attended by Elon Musk.^[11]

Cultural relations

Between 4 and 5 million British tourists visit Italy every year, while 1 million Italian tourists visit the UK.^[12] There are about 30,000 British nationals living in Italy, and 342,000 Italians living in the UK.^[13]^[14]

In 2011, 7,100 Italian students were studying in UK universities, this is the seventh-highest figure amongst EU countries and fifteenth globally.^[15] However, the number of Italian students attending UK universities has decreased steadily since Britain's exit from the European Union in 2020 (although EU students could still enrol at UK universities paying the standard UK fee until 2021).^{[citation needed]}

Association football, in its modern form, was said to have been introduced to Italy by British expatriates during the 1880s. Genoa Cricket and Football Club, founded by Englishmen in 1893, was allegedly formed as a cricket club to represent England abroad. Three years later in 1896 a man named James Richardson Spensley arrived in Genoa introducing the football section of the club and becoming its first manager.^[16] Other evidence suggests that Edoardo Bosio, a merchant worker in the British textile industry had visited the United Kingdom and decided to introduce the sport in his homeland. He returned to Turin in 1887 and founded Torino Football and Cricket Club.^[17] One of the most important football clubs in Italy, AC Milan, was founded in 1899 by an Englishman from Nottingham, Herbert Kilpin. As a consequence, it kept the English version of the city's name in its own name, Milan, rather than the Italian Milano.

Economic relations

Following Brexit, trade between the United Kingdom and Italy is governed by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement since 1 January 2021.^[18]^[19]

Resident diplomatic missions

Italy has an embassy in London, a consulate-general in Edinburgh and a consulate in Manchester.
United Kingdom has an embassy in Rome, a consulate-general in Milan and a consulate in Naples.

Embassy of Italy in London
Embassy of the United Kingdom in Rome

References

^ "British Embassy Rome". gov.uk. United Kingdom - Government. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
^ Embassy of Italy in London: Political Cooperation
^ "Inigo Lambertini is the new Italian Ambassador in London – Ambasciata d'Italia a Londra". amblondra.esteri.it. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
^ D.E.D. Beales, England and Italy, 1859-60 (1961).
^ Marcella Pellegrino Sutcliffe, "Marketing ‘Garibaldi panoramas’ in Britain (1860–1864)." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 18.2 (2013): 232-243.
^ ^a ^b Kington, Tom (2009-10-13). "Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito MussoliniDocuments reveal Italian dictator got start in politics in 1917 with help of £100 weekly wage from MI5". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ ^a ^b Lamb, Richard (1997). Mussolini and the British. John Murray. p. 141.
'^ James C. Robertson, “The Origins of British Opposition to Mussolini over Ethiopia.” Journal of British Studies , vol. 9, no. 1, 1969, pp. 122–142. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/175172
^ Miller, Dawn Marie (1997). "Italy Through the Looking Glass: Aspects of British Policy and Intelligence Concerning Italy, 1939-1941" (PDF). National Library of Canada. Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945 (2007)
^ Kazmin, Amy; Parker, George (12 December 2023). "Rishi Sunak plans appearance at rightwing Italian premier's political festival". Financial Times. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^ Italy Country Profile, Foreign and Commonwealth Office
^ http://www.britishembassy.gov.uk/servlet/Front? ^{[bare URL]}
^ "Italian nationals population UK 2021". Statista. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
^ "International students in UK higher education: key statistics". UK Council for International Student Affairs. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
^ "English Players in Italy". RSSSF.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
^ "Edoardo Bosio and Football in Turin". Life in Italy. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
^ "UK and EU agree Brexit trade deal". GOV.UK. 24 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
^ "Brexit: Landmark UK-EU trade deal to be signed". BBC News. 29 December 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2023.