Illegal fishing in Africa

Inspection of fishing vessel suspected of illegal fishing in the Gulf of Guinea by a U.S. Coast Guard law enforcement detachment member and a Ghanaian navy sailor.

African illegal fishing is the unlawful activity of obtaining fish and other aquatic species for various purposes in African waters. Fishing outside local, national, and international regulations causes the disturbance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in the countries of Africa.^[1] People living in local African communities may fish illegally in order to improve their income and lifestyle. On a larger scale, illegal fishing in Africa takes place when vessels from foreign countries are stationed on African waters without any legal documentation that allows fishing.^[2][3] Illegal fishing in Africa is one of the main causes of overfishing,^[4] and increases the spread of diseases.^[5] In Africa, the Chinese commercial fishing fleet is responsible for more illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) fishing than that of any other nation.^[2][6][7][8]

Environmental and human health impacts

Illegal fishing in African waters is causing the fast decline of marine and freshwater species that maintain stable marine and terrestrial ecosystems. By reducing the diversity of species in these marine ecosystems, the natural food chain is distorted. When a key species is over-fished, other species’ populations start to increase significantly.^[5] When a species loses its natural predator, it becomes easier for the species to survive and reproduce. Oftentimes the overpopulation of specific species, aquatic or terrestrial, can have negative effects on the ecosystem, including humans’ health.^[5]

Spread of disease

Some species of freshwater snails from the family Planorbidae are the main source of food for many species of fish being over-fished illegally. These snails are the intermediate hosts of a variety of disease-causing parasites that are transmitted to humans.^[9] For example, Schistosomiasis is one of the diseases caused by a parasite carried by freshwater snails which mainly affects children. This disease does not allow the normal development in children. Schistosomiasis affects the growth in children and the ability to develop their intellectual skills.^[10] Schistosomiasis is the second most common neglected tropical disease caused by a parasite in sub-Saharan Africa and is part of the deaths of about 534,000 persons every year.^[11] With a larger population of Planorbidae freshwater snails, the probability of humans, especially children, having contact with the snails is much higher. Thus, humans are more vulnerable of getting infected with this disease and many others serious diseases. Overfishing disturbs the balance of the ecosystems where the lack of laws and/or implementation a laws is having consequences on communities that depend on these ecosystems.

Economy

The economy of African countries has declined as the result of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing affects small businesses that benefit from tourism since these small businesses cannot obtain the sufficient amounts of fish necessary to supply sport-fishing tourists’ demands. The decline in the economy is causing a large population of African people to emigrate to European countries in order to find a job that allows them to meet their daily necessities.^[12] According to Moenieba Isaacs and Emma Witbooi, illegal fishing produces between 828 million and 1.6 billion US dollars from fishing illegally in the Eastern Central Atlantic every year.^[13] Most of the time the revenue obtained from illegal fishing goes to large foreign companies, while local people only receive a small portion. Over 200 million Africans depend on fish for nutritional purposes and 10 million Africans benefit financially from fish.^[13] Illegal immigration caused by the lack of marine resources is not always the adequate solution. Many African citizens are forced to travel in boats that are in bad conditions. People get lost in the ocean and many times die trying to arrive to a European country.^[14]

Bushmeat

Poaching of Eastern Lesser Bamboo Lemurs (Hapalemur griseus) for bushmeat in northeast Madagascar.

African communities greatly depend on seafood and terrestrial wild animals to obtain their daily portion of proteins. According to the article “Do bushmeat consumers have other fish to fry?” the amount of wild animals that are hunted for bushmeat increases when the production of fish decreases.^[15] People who live close to the coast of African countries such as the communities in Ghana not only rely on fishing to obtain their daily protein, but fishing is their source of employment.^[16] When overfishing caused by illegal fishing reduces the seafood stock, African people risk their life and hunt dangerous and/or protected animals.^[16] These people face two major risks during hunting for bushmeat; they can be killed by the wild animals they are trying to hunt or they can be shot by the rangers who are protecting endangered wild animals living within protected area boundaries.

Illegally caught species

Marine species populations are slowly becoming more and more vulnerable and some are entering the list of endangered species. Sharks and sea turtles are some of the aquatic species being overfished for their high value on the market.^[17][18] Added to these species, many other fish species are also overfished, reducing the food availability for their natural predators. 

Sharks

Sharks after the removal of fins.

A 2005 report in the article “Shark Finning” disclosed incidents of illegal shark fishing by a large number of Taiwanese fishing vessels off the coast of Africa, and Middle East in the Western Indian Ocean.^[17] Sharks are fished solely for the purpose of removing their fins since shark fins are considered a delicacy in China.^[2] Local African men, large scale foreign fisheries, and organized crime syndicates take part on this activity as this is a very lucrative trade.^[17]

Sea turtles

In Africa, the uses of sea turtles are many. Sea turtles are used for African traditional religious and medicinal beliefs. Sea turtle shells are also use to produce artisanal ornaments and souvenirs. Due to the overfishing of fish, local African communities’ dependence on sea turtles increases. Sea turtles such as the Hawksbill sea turtle are exploited for their shells which are used largely during festive days when tourists demand for souvenirs increases.^[18] Tourism allows small local business to earn an income, thus people exploit turtle populations to increase their earnings. Sea turtles also face indirect threats when commercial and local fisheries catch them during the fishing of other aquatic animals.^[18] Many times sea turtles are caught by shark, lobster, and/or fish nets and they are not released back into the water or they die while being trapped on the nets.

Involvement of outside world

United States

A large amount of the seafood that is consumed by people living in the United States does not always come from legal fishing.^[1] Americans eat an estimated 5 billion pounds of seafood every year. Lobsters, which are a well-known seafood dish, are highly requested in American restaurants. Since lobsters have to be imported alive, the prices to ship them is very high.^[19] Illegal fisheries may overfish lobsters to receive large monetary benefits. In the mid-2000s, one case in which lobsters were being overfished illegally in South Africa to be imported to the United States was investigated. It was found that 30 percent of the lobsters being shipped to the United States were the result of illegal fishing.^[20] As a result, the United States authorities fined the company Hout Bay Fishing $22.5 million for shipping illegally caught lobsters into the United States.^[20]

References

1. "What is IUU fishing?| Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing| Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
2. "China's fishing fleet is causing havoc off Africa's coasts". The Economist. 11 April 2024. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
3. "The Grekos: A success story in the crackdown on illegal fishing". The Safina Center. 24 March 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
4. "Criminality in Africa's Fishing Industry: A Threat to Human Security". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
5. Schwartz, Eli; Grossman, Tamar; Tandlich, Moshik; Lachish, Tamar (2013-11-15). "High Rate of Schistosomiasis in Travelers After a Brief Exposure to the High-Altitude Nyinambuga Crater Lake, Uganda". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57 (10): 1461–1464. doi:10.1093/cid/cit559. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 24021485.
6. Yap, Chuin-Wei. "China's Fishing Fleet, the World's Largest, Drives Beijing's Global Ambitions". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
7. Yeung, Peter (2022-02-01). "Illegal overfishing by Chinese trawlers leaves Sierra Leone locals 'starving'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-12. China is consistently ranked as the worst offender for IUU fishing in a global index of 152 countries.
8. "Ghana fishing: Abuse, corruption and death on Chinese vessels". BBC News. 2023-01-04. Retrieved 2024-04-12.
9. Dida GO, Gelder FB, Anyona DN, Matano AS, Abuom PO, Adoka SO, Ouma C, Kanangire CK, Owuor PO, Ofulla AV (2014-10-24). "Distribution and abundance of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis host snails along the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania". Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. 4 (1): 24281. Bibcode:2014InfEE...424281D. doi:10.3402/iee.v4.24281. PMC 4216393. PMID 25405008.
10. "Schistosomiasis. Katayama fever, parasite tropical disease". patient.info. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
11. Adenowo AF, Oyinloye BE, Ogunyinka BI, Kappo AP (March 2015). "Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 19 (2): 196–205. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2014.11.004. PMC 9425372. PMID 25636189.
12. "'Fish are vanishing' - Senegal's devastated coastline". 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2019-05-08.
13. Isaacs, Moenieba; Witbooi, Emma (2019). "Fisheries crime, human rights and small-scale fisheries in South Africa: A case of bigger fish to fry". Marine Policy. 105: 158–168. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.023. hdl:10566/6288.
14. LaFraniere S (2008-01-14). "Europe Takes Africa's Fish, and Boatloads of Migrants Follow". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
15. Rowcliffe JM, Milner-Gulland EJ, Cowlishaw G (June 2005). "Do bushmeat consumers have other fish to fry?". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20 (6): 274–6. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.007. PMID 16701380.
16. Brashares JS (2004-11-12). Bushmeat Hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in west Africa. OCLC 926469439.
17. "Shark Finning". Stop Illegal Fishing. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
18. "MTN 100:33-37 Sea Turtle Conservation along the Atlantic Coast of Africa". www.seaturtle.org. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
19. "How lobster went from prison trash food to delicacy". 10Best. 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
20. "Criminality in Africa's Fishing Industry: A Threat to Human Security". Africa Center for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 2019-05-04.