Hiroshi Yamauchi (山内溥, Yamauchi Hiroshi, 7 November 1927 – 19 September 2013) was a Japanese businessman and the third president of Nintendo, joining the company on 25 April 1949 until stepping down on 24 May 2002, being succeeded by Satoru Iwata. During his 53-year tenure, Yamauchi transformed Nintendo from a hanafuda card-making company that had been active solely in Japan into a multibillion-dollar video game publisher and global conglomerate. He was the great-grandson of Fusajiro Yamauchi, Nintendo's first president and founder. Hiroshi Yamauchi owned the Seattle Mariners baseball team from 1992 until his death.[3][4][5]
In April 2013, Forbes estimated Yamauchi's net worth at $2.1 billion; he was the 13th richest person in Japan and the 491st richest in the world.[6] In 2008, Yamauchi was Japan's wealthiest person with a fortune at that time estimated at $7.8 billion.[7] At the time of his death, Yamauchi was the largest shareholder at Nintendo.[8][9]
Early life
Yamauchi was born in Kyoto to father Shikanojo Inaba and mother Kimi. His father abandoned them both when he was five years old, and his mother was unable to cope as a single parent so she gave him up to her parents. With his grandfather being a business owner, this adoption aligned his future inheritance of what would become Nintendo. He was sent to a preparatory school in Kyoto at age twelve. He planned to study law or engineering, but World War II disrupted his studies. Since he was too young to fight, he was put to work in a military factory. Once the war ended in 1945, Yamauchi went to Waseda University to study law. He married Michiko Inaba. With the absence of Yamauchi's father, his grandparents met to arrange the marriage.[10][unreliable source?][11]
In 1948, Yamauchi's grandfather and president of Nintendo, Sekiryo Kaneda, suffered a stroke. As he had no other immediate successor, he asked Yamauchi to come immediately to Nintendo to assume the job of president. He had to leave his law degree at Waseda University to do so.[11][12] Yamauchi would only accept the position if he were the only family member working at Nintendo. Reluctantly, Yamauchi's grandfather agreed, and died shortly thereafter in 1949. Under the agreement, his older cousin had to be fired. Due to his young age and total lack of management experience, most employees did not take Yamauchi seriously and resented him. Soon after taking over, he had to deal with a strike by factory employees who expected him to cave in easily. Instead, he asserted his authority by firing many long-time employees who questioned his authority. He had the company name changed to Nintendo Karuta and established its new headquarters in Kyoto. Yamauchi led Nintendo in a "notoriously imperialistic style".[attribution needed][13] He was the sole judge of potential new products, and only a product that appealed to him and his instincts went on the market.[10][14][15]
He was the first to introduce the plastic Western playing card into the Japanese market. Western playing cards were still a novelty in Japan and the public associated them with Western-styled gambling games such as poker and bridge. Most gambling activities were technically illegal by default with only the few legally sanctioned exceptions of horse racing, pachinko, and lottery. Therefore, the market for anything which was associated with gambling, including hanafuda, was limited. Yamauchi's first "hit" came when he made a licensing agreement with Walt Disney in 1959 for his plastic playing cards.[16] Nintendo targeted its playing cards as a tool for party games that the whole family could enjoy. Disney's tie-in was made towards that end. Nintendo's Disney playing card was also accompanied by a small, thin booklet with many tutorials for different card games. The strategy succeeded and the product sold an unprecedented 600,000 units in one year, soon gracing Nintendo with the domination of the Japanese playing card market.[12] With this success, Yamauchi once again changed the company name to Nintendo Company Limited and took the company public and became the chairman.[14][15] He then decided to travel to the U.S. to visit the United States Playing Card Company, the world's biggest manufacturer of playing cards. Upon arriving in Cincinnati, Yamauchi was disappointed to see a small-scale office and factory. This led to the realization that card manufacturing was an extremely limited venture.
Upon his return to Japan, Yamauchi decided to diversify the company. Some of the new areas he ventured into included a taxi company called Daiya, a love hotel with rooms rented by the hour (which he reportedly frequented),[12] and individually portioned instant rice. All of these ventures eventually failed and brought the company into the brink of bankruptcy. However, one day, Yamauchi spotted a factory engineer named Gunpei Yokoi playing with a simple extendable claw, something Yokoi made to amuse himself during his break. Yamauchi ordered Yokoi to develop the extendable claw into a proper product. The product was named the Ultra Hand and was an instant hit. It was then that Yamauchi decided to move Nintendo's focus into toy making. With an already established distribution system into department stores for its playing cards, the transition was a natural one for Nintendo. Yamauchi created a new department called Games and Setup, manned initially by only Yokoi and another employee who looked after the finances and was situated in a warehouse in Kyoto for the purpose of research and development. Gunpei Yokoi was solely assigned to develop new products. Yokoi utilized his degree in engineering by developing what is now known as electric toys such as the Love Tester and a light gun using solar cells for targets. These electric toys were quite a novelty in the 1960s when most other toys were simple in origin, such as toy blocks or dolls. Eventually, Nintendo succeeded in establishing itself as a major player in the toy market.[10][14][15]
Beginning of the electronics era
Yamauchi realized that technological breakthroughs in the electronic industry meant that electronics could be incorporated into entertainment products since the prices were decreasing. Atari and Magnavox were already selling gaming devices for use with television sets. Yamauchi negotiated a license with Magnavox to sell its game console, the Magnavox Odyssey. After hiring several Sharp Electronics employees, Nintendo launched the Color TV-Game 6 in Japan, which was followed by several revisions and updates of this series.
Yamauchi had Nintendo expand into the United States to take advantage of the growing American arcade market. He hired his son-in-law Minoru Arakawa to head the new American operation. Their Japanese hits such as Radar Scope, Space Fever, and Sheriff did not achieve the same success in the United States, so in 1981 Yamauchi turned to designer Shigeru Miyamoto's pet project, Donkey Kong, which became a smash hit.
Yamauchi infused Nintendo with a unique industrial development process.[17] He instituted three separate research and development units, which competed with one another and aimed for innovation. This system fostered a high degree of both unusual and successful gadgets. Gunpei Yokoi, who headed R&D1, created the first portable LCD video game featuring a microprocessor called the Game & Watch. Although the Game & Watch was successful, Yamauchi wanted something that was cheap enough that most could buy it yet unique enough so that it would dominate the market for as long as possible.[10]
On July 15, 1983, Nintendo launched its new home video game console, the Nintendo Family Computer (more commonly abbreviated as the Famicom). Yamauchi was so confident with the Famicom that he promised an electronics company one million unit orders within two years. The Famicom easily reached that goal. After selling several million units, Yamauchi realized the importance of the software that ran on the game systems and made sure the system was easy to program. Yamauchi believed that technicians did not create excellent games, but artists did. The Famicom was released in the United States as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in October 1985. Yamauchi, with no engineering or video game background, was the only one deciding which games were to be released. To help spring creativity, he created three research and development groups and allowed them to compete against each other. This caused the designers to work harder to try to get their games approved.[10][14]
In 1990, the Super Famicom was released in Japan. It was released a year later in North America and in 1992 in Europe, in both regions as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). The Super Famicom was sold out within three days in Japan and had gamers camping for days outside shops in hope of getting the next shipment. Nintendo showed major expansion during this period with new plants, R&D facilities and a partnership with Rare. Yamauchi had displayed from the beginning a knack at identifying good games even though he had never played them, and he continued to do so alone until at least 1994.[citation needed] A 1995 article in Next Generation reported that Yamauchi, though 68 years old, "remains very much in charge" of Nintendo and called him "The most feared and respected man in the videogame industry".[18]
In 1995, the Virtual Boy was released but did not sell well. Nevertheless, Yamauchi said at a press conference that he still had faith in it and that the company would continue developing games for it.[citation needed] In the fiscal year ending 31 March 1995, Nintendo achieved revenues of 416 billion yen.[18]
In 1996, Nintendo released its new, fully 3D capable console, the Nintendo 64. Around this time Yamauchi publicly stated that he wanted to retire but did not think there were any good candidates to succeed him yet.[11] A year later, he announced that he would retire by 2000, regardless of the lack of a good successor, and in particular wanted to end his career with the launch of the 64DD.[19] In 1999, Yamauchi and Nintendo announced their intentions to work on a new system with an IBM Gekko processor and Matsushita DVD technology codenamed Dolphin. This system was named GameCube. Yamauchi talked at E3 about the impact that the release of Xbox would have on the GameCube.
Yamauchi touted the GameCube as a machine designed exclusively to be a video game console, opting not to include media playback. This emphasis towards "performance only" and the creation of hardware that would allow developers to "easily create games" is what Yamauchi believed would set the GameCube apart from its competitors.
Yamauchi also wanted the machine to be the least expensive of its kind, in his belief that people "do not play with the game machine itself. They play with the software, and they are forced to purchase a game machine in order to use the software. Therefore the price of the machine should be as cheap as possible." Nintendo hence priced the GameCube significantly less expensively than its rivals in the market, although the console's games were priced identically to those designed for the competing systems.[20]
Post-Nintendo presidency
On 24 May 2002, Yamauchi stepped down as president of Nintendo and was succeeded by the head of Nintendo's Corporate Planning Division, Satoru Iwata.[21][22] Yamauchi subsequently became the chairman of Nintendo's board of directors. He left the board on 29 June 2005, due to his age, and because he believed that he was leaving the company in good hands. Yamauchi also refused to accept his retirement pension, which was reported to be around $9 to $14 million, believing that Nintendo could put it to better use. He remained Nintendo's largest shareholder, and as of 2008 retained a 10% share in Nintendo.[23] He was the 12th richest man in Japan[6] due to his shares in Nintendo since its success with the Wii and Nintendo DS consoles.[citation needed] He donated the majority of the 7.5 billion yen to build a new cancer treatment center in Kyoto.[24] In 2006, he founded Shigureden, a museum of poetry in Kyoto.[25]
Personal life
In 1950, Yamauchi's wife Michiko gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Yōko. During the next few years, Michiko had several miscarriages and was often ill. In 1957, she gave birth to another daughter, Fujiko and, shortly after, a son named Katsuhito.[10]
Michiko Inaba died on 29 July 2012, aged 82.[26][27]
Yamauchi's daughter Yōko married Minoru Arakawa, who would later go on to establish the Nintendo of America.
When Yamauchi's father, Shikanojō, returned years later to see his son, Yamauchi refused to speak to him. When Yamauchi was close to 30, his half-sister contacted him and informed him that Shikanojō had died of a stroke. At the funeral, he met his father's wife and their four daughters whom he never knew existed. He began feeling sorry that he had not taken the opportunity to reconcile with his father when he was still alive. The death of his father changed Yamauchi, and he grieved for months and cried freely. From then on he made regular visits to his father's grave.[28]
Yamauchi has been described as a stern man with a single-minded focus on his business.[11]Henk Rogers, founder of The Tetris Company, characterized Yamauchi's leadership style as autocratic, stating that "If you ever worked with him and you disagreed with him in a meeting, you were fired. Period. [...] So he was very tough, and when he said something that was the law."[29] He did not play video games; his sole serious hobby was the strategy board game Go,[11] though Masayuki Uemura, the primary engineer of the original NES, has stated that he also enjoyed hanafuda and would play cards with Nintendo employees at parties.[30] He was ranked a seventh Dan[16] at Go, roughly equivalent to chessmaster. Although another source mentions him as being ranked a sixth Dan.[31]
Ownership of the Seattle Mariners
In 1992, the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball were up for sale and United States SenatorSlade Gorton asked Nintendo of America to find a Japanese investor who would keep the club in Seattle. Yamauchi offered to buy the franchise, even though he had never been to a baseball game. Although the owner accepted the offer, then MLB commissioner Fay Vincent and the league's ownership committee were strongly opposed to the idea of a non-North American owner and did not approve the deal. However, following the strong support and sentiments of the people of Seattle and press the commissioner formally approved the deal, under the condition that Yamauchi had less than 50% of the vote. After the purchase Yamauchi signed his rights over to Nintendo of America, who would oversee the team on his behalf, such as with Howard Lincoln, who served as team CEO beginning in 1999. In 2000, the club made its first profit of $2.6 million since its acquisition by Yamauchi.[10][32] Yamauchi never attended a Mariners game in his lifetime.[33]
Death
On 19 September 2013, aged 85, Yamauchi died at a hospital following complications of pneumonia.[34] Nintendo released a statement stating that its staff members were mourning the loss of their former president.[8]
^Nobuhiro Kubo; Edmund Klamann; Robert Birsel (19 September 2013). "Nintendo video game pioneer Hiroshi Yamauchi dies at 85". Reuters. Retrieved 21 September 2013. Yamauchi was listed by Forbes magazine as Japan's richest man just five years ago, when Nintendo was flying high with the launch of the Wii with its motion-sensing controller, although the company's fortunes have since faded as smartphones displace consoles among gamers. His net worth at that time was estimated at $7.8 billion.
^Boyer, Steven. "A Virtual Failure: Evaluating the Success of Nintendos Virtual Boy". Velvet Light Trap.64 (2009): 23–33. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 24 May 2012.
^Sloan, Daniel (15 February 2001). Playing to Wiin: Nintendo and the Video Game Industry's Greatest Comeback. John Wiley & Sons. p. 182. ISBN9780470826935.
^Gorges, Florent; Gorges, Florent (2017). 1889-1980, des cartes à jouer aux Game & Watch. L'histoire de Nintendo / Florent Gorges; avec la collaboration d'Isao Yamazaki, Erik Voskuil, Fabrice Heilig. Isao Yamazaki, Erik Voskuil, Fabrice Heilig (Troisième édition, nouvelle édition améliorée et augmentée ed.). Châtillon: Omaké books. p. 9. ISBN978-2-919603-40-4.
Questa voce sull'argomento correnti marine è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. La corrente del Labrador. La corrente del Labrador è una corrente oceanica fredda del nord Atlantico, che scorre dal sud del mare Glaciale Artico, lungo la costa del Labrador, passando nei pressi di Terranova, proseguendo verso sud lungo la costa orientale della Nuova Scozia. Geografia È la continuazione di altre due correnti artiche: la corrente della Groenlan...
1962 Indian filmSaradaTheatrical release posterDirected byK. S. GopalakrishnanWritten byK. S. GopalakrishnanProduced byA. L. SrinivasanStarring S. S. Rajendran C. R. Vijayakumari CinematographyM. KarnanEdited byR. DevarajanMusic byK. V. MahadevanProductioncompanyALS ProductionsDistributed byALS ProductionsRelease date 16 March 1962 (1962-03-16) Running time147 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Sarada is a 1962 Indian Tamil-language drama film written and directed by K. S. Gopala...
Wall Street selama kepanikan bank pada Oktober 1907.[n 1] Kepanikan 1907 – juga dikenal sebagai Kepanikan Bankir 1907 atau Krisis Knickerbocker[1] – adalah krisis keuangan yang terjadi di Amerika Serikat selama periode tiga minggu yang dimulai pada pertengahan Oktober, ketika New York Stock Exchange jatuh hampir 50% dari puncak tahun sebelumnya. Kepanikan ini terjadi selama masa resesi ekonomi dan banyak sekali penarikan dana besar-besaran di bank dan perusahaan trust. Kep...
قاعدة إدواردز الجوية إياتا: EDW – ايكاو: KEDW[1] موجز المشغل القوات الجوية الأمريكية البلد الولايات المتحدة الموقع وسيط property غير متوفر. الارتفاع 704.4 متر[2] إحداثيات 34°55′26″N 117°53′29″W / 34.923890144075°N 117.89125635636°W / 34.923890144075; -117.89125635636 الموقع ا...
NATO military command unit Joint Force Training CentreCoat of armsFounded31 March 2004Part ofAllied Command TransformationHeadquartersBydgoszcz, PolandWebsitewww.jftc.nato.intMilitary unit JFTC entrance The Joint Force Training Centre (JFTC) is a NATO headquarters located in Bydgoszcz, Poland, responsible to Allied Command Transformation at Norfolk, Virginia, in the United States. History The Joint Force Training Centre, which started on March 31, 2004, focuses on joint and combined trai...
American actor Frank WolffWolff in Death Walks on High Heels (1971)BornWalter Frank Hermann Wolff(1928-05-11)May 11, 1928San Francisco, California, U.S.DiedDecember 12, 1971(1971-12-12) (aged 43)Rome, ItalyYears active1958–1971 Walter Frank Hermann Wolff (May 11, 1928 – December 12, 1971) was an American actor whose film career began with roles in five 1958–61 Roger Corman productions and ended a decade later in Rome, after many appearances in European-made films, most of whic...
African-American abolitionist and writer (d. 1897) Linda Brent redirects here. For the actress, see Linda Brent (actress). Harriet JacobsJacobs's only known formal photograph, 1894[1]Born1813Edenton, North Carolina, U.S.Died(1897-03-07)March 7, 1897 (aged 84)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeMount Auburn CemeteryOccupationWriternannyrelief workerGenreAutobiographyNotable worksIncidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)ChildrenJoseph and LouisaRelativesJohn S. Jacobs (brother) Harrie...
Ізраїльсько-польські відносини Польща Ізраїль Ізра́їльсько-по́льські відно́сини — двосторонні міжнародні відносини між Ізраїлем та Польщею. Мацей Козловський, колишній посол Польщі в Ізраїлі, схарактеризував Польщу як найсильнішого соратника Ізраїлю в Європі.[1&...
1933 film Clancy of the MountedDirected byRay TaylorWritten by Basil Dickey (continuity) Harry O. Hoyt (adaptation) Ella O'Neill (dialogue) Based onClancy of the Mounted Policeby Robert W. ServiceProduced byHenry MacRaeCinematographyJohn HicksonEdited byMaurice Pivar (supervising)Alvin ToddEdward ToddDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date February 23, 1933 (1933-02-23) Running time12 chapters (225 minutes)CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Clancy of the Mounted (1933) is...
Character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Fictional character MJMarvel Cinematic Universe characterMJ in Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019)First appearanceSpider-Man: Homecoming (2017)Created byJonathan GoldsteinJohn Francis DaleyJon WattsChristopher FordChris McKennaErik SommersBased onMary Jane Watsonby Stan LeeJohn Romita Sr.Portrayed byZendayaIn-universe informationFull nameMichelle Jones-Watson[1]OccupationHigh school studentBaristaSignificant otherPeter ParkerOriginQueens, New Yo...
Cmentarz wojenny nr 361Krasne-Lasocice nr rej. 612 z 16.02.1990[1] Państwo Polska Miejscowość Krasne-Lasocice Typ cmentarza wojenny Stan cmentarza nieczynny Liczba pochówków 212 Data otwarcia 1914 Data ostatniego pochówku 1914 Architekt Gustaw Ludwig Położenie na mapie gminy JodłownikCmentarz wojenny nr 361Krasne-Lasocice Położenie na mapie PolskiCmentarz wojenny nr 361Krasne-Lasocice Położenie na mapie województwa małopolskiegoCmentarz wojenny nr 361Krasne-Lasocice Poło...
Commercial cloning of animals This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (December 2023) This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article by addressing link rot or discuss this issue on the talk page. (...
For the South Korean film, see The Unforgiven (2005 film). World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view event UnforgivenPromotional poster featuring John Cena and Kurt AnglePromotionWorld Wrestling EntertainmentBrand(s)RawDateSeptember 18, 2005CityOklahoma City, OklahomaVenueFord CenterAttendance8,000Buy rate243,000Pay-per-view chronology ← PreviousSummerSlam Next →No Mercy Unforgiven chronology ← Previous2004 Next →2006 The 2005 Unforgiven was the eighth annual Unfo...
2008 Indian filmThenavattuPosterDirected byV. V. KathirWritten byV. V. KathirProduced byAnthonyStarringJiivaPoonam BajwaGanja KaruppuRavi KaleShafiSaikumarRajan P. DevCinematographyVetriEdited byRaja MohammadMusic bySrikanth DevaProductioncompanyELK ProductionsDistributed bySun PicturesRelease date 21 November 2008 (2008-11-21) CountryIndiaLanguageTamil Thenavattu (transl. Courage) is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by V. V. Kathir, starring ...
Riffian singer-songwriter Salima ZianiⵙⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰZiani in 2017BornSalima Ziani1994 (age 28–29)Afzar, Al-Hoceima, MoroccoDisappearedAl-Hoceima, MoroccoNationalityMoroccanOther namesSilya ZianiAlma materMohammed First UniversityOccupations Activist Singer Actress Known forHirak Rif MovementRelativesMassinissa of the Rif (cousin)Musical careerGenres Riffian Music Pop Music Amazigh Music Alternative Music Instrument(s) Vocals sampler guitar Musical artist Salima Z...
Auto racing promoting company SRO Motorsports GroupSportAuto racingCategorySports car racingJurisdictionInternationalFounded1995AffiliationFIAHeadquartersLondon, England, United KingdomPresidentStéphane RatelOfficial websitesro-motorsports.com SRO Motorsports Group (formerly the Stéphane Ratel Organisation) is an international sporting organisation best known for promoting and running a variety of racing events and series, including the Total 24 Hours of Spa, Intercontinental GT Challenge a...
2018 Canadian filmMouthpieceFilm posterDirected byPatricia RozemaWritten byPatricia RozemaAmy NostbakkenNorah SadavaProduced byChristina PiovesanJennifer ShinStarringAmy NostbakkenNorah SadavaCinematographyCatherine LutesEdited byLara JohnstonMusic byAmy NostbakkenProductioncompanyFirst Generation FilmsRelease date September 6, 2018 (2018-09-06) (TIFF) Running time91 minutes[1]CountryCanadaLanguageEnglish Mouthpiece is a 2018 Canadian drama film directed by Patricia...
For the Canadian blues musician, see Steve Marriner American swimmer (born 1955) Steve GreggGregg at the 1976 OlympicsPersonal informationFull nameSteven Garrett GreggNicknameSteveNational teamUnited StatesBorn (1955-11-03) November 3, 1955 (age 68)Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.[1]Height6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight185 lb (84 kg)SportSportSwimmingStrokesButterflyClubSouthern California Aquatic ClubCollege teamNorth Carolina State University Medal record ...
Linie energetyczne (220, 330 i 750 kV) na Białorusi System energetyczny Białorusi – funkcjonujący na terenie Białorusi zbiór urządzeń przeznaczonych do wytwarzania, przesyłu, rozdziału, magazynowania i użytkowania energii elektrycznej, połączonych ze sobą funkcjonalnie w system umożliwiający realizację dostaw energii elektrycznej na terenie kraju w sposób ciągły i nieprzerwany. Historia Organizację systemu energetycznego na Białorusi rozpoczęto w 1931 roku. Zarządzał...
1973 British comedy film by Gerald Thomas This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verifi...
