Hibiscus[2][3] is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large, comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of sharon, and tropical hibiscus.
A tea made from the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa is known by many names around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is known for its red colour, tart flavour, and vitamin C content.
Description
The leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin (dentate). The flowers are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more petals, colour from white to pink, red, blue, orange, peach,[7] yellow or purple,[8] and from 4–18 cm broad.
Pollen grainHibiscus flower
Flower colour in certain species, such as H. mutabilis and H. tiliaceus, changes with age.[9] The fruit is a dry five-lobed capsule, containing several seeds in each lobe, which are released when the capsule dehisces (splits open) at maturity. It is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers.
Stages in the life-cycle of a flowerHibiscus blooming time lapse
In temperate zones, probably the most commonly grown ornamental species is Hibiscus syriacus, the common garden hibiscus, also known in some areas as the "rose of Althea" or "rose of Sharon" (but not to be confused with the unrelated Hypericum calycinum, also called "rose of Sharon"[10]). In tropical and subtropical areas, the Chinese hibiscus (H. rosa-sinensis), with its many showy hybrids, is the most popular hibiscus.
Many species are grown for their showy flowers or used as landscape shrubs, and are used to attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds.[15]
Hibiscus is a very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden. Being versatile it adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It is a perennial and flowers throughout the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.
The only infestation that gardeners need to be vigilant about is mealybugs. Mealybug infestations are easy to spot as they are clearly visible as a distinct white cottony infestation on buds, leaves or even stems. To protect the plant you need to trim away the infected part, spray with water, and apply an appropriate pesticide.
Paper
One species of Hibiscus, known as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), is extensively used in paper-making.[citation needed]
Rope and construction
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), also called 'hau', is used in Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.[citation needed] The ropes on the missionary ship Messenger of Peace were made of fibres from hibiscus trees.[16]
The tea made of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa is known by many names in many countries around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is well known for its red colour, tartness and unique flavour. Additionally, it is highly nutritious because of its vitamin C content.
It is known as bissap in West Africa, "Gul e Khatmi" in Urdu & Persian, agua de jamaica in Mexico and Central America (the flower being flor de jamaica) and Orhul in India. Some refer to it as roselle, a common name for the hibiscus flower. In Jamaica, Trinidad and many other islands in the Caribbean, the drink is known as sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa; not to be confused with Rumex acetosa, a species sharing the common name sorrel). In Ghana, the drink is known as soobolo in one of the local languages.
In Cambodia, a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the petals in hot water until the colors are leached from the petals, then adding lime juice (which turns the beverage from dark brown/red to a bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold water/ice cubes.
In Egypt and Sudan, hibiscus tea is known as karkadé (كركديه), and is served as both a hot and a cold drink.
Hibiscus (also known in Sri Lanka as shoe flower, සපත්තු මල, වද මල in Sinhalese) is an ingredient with a rich heritage of refreshing Lankans. Fresh juices, ice teas and syrups made of the Hibiscus flower are famous refreshments among Sri Lankans.
Food
Dried hibiscus is edible, and it is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can also be candied and used as a garnish, usually for desserts.[17]
The roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is used as a vegetable.
The species Hibiscus suratensis Linn synonymous with Hibiscus aculeatus G. Don is noted in Visayas in the Philippines as being a souring ingredient for almost all local vegetables and menus. Known as labog in the Visayan area (or labuag/sapinit in Tagalog), the species is an ingredient in cooking native chicken soup.
While the mechanism is not well understood, previous animal studies have demonstrated both an inhibitory effect of H. sabdariffa on muscle tone and the anti-fertility effects of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, respectively.[8][21] The extract of H. sabdariffa has been shown to stimulate contraction of the rat bladder and uterus;[8] the H. rosa-sinensis extract has exhibited contraceptive effects in the form of estrogen activity in rats.[21] These findings have not been observed in humans. The Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is also thought to have emmenagogue effects which can stimulate menstruation and, in some women, cause an abortion.[22][23][24] Due to the documented adverse effects in animal studies and the reported pharmacological properties, the H. sabdariffa and H. rosa-sinensis are not recommended for use during pregnancy.[24]
Drug interactions
It is postulated that H. sabdariffa interacts with diclofenac, chloroquine and acetaminophen by altering the pharmacokinetics. In healthy human volunteers, the H. sabdariffa extract was found to reduce the excretion of diclofenac upon co-administration.[25] Additionally, co-administration of Karkade (H. sabdariffa), a common Sudanese beverage, was found to reduce chloroquine bioavailability.[26] However, no statistically significant changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen when administered with the Zobo (H. sabdariffa) drink.[27] Further studies are needed to demonstrate clinical significance.
Symbolism and culture
The red hibiscus is the flower of the HindugoddessKali, and appears frequently in depictions of her in the art of Bengal, India, often with the goddess and the flower merging in form. The hibiscus is used as an offering to Kali and the god Ganesha in Hindu worship.[28][29]
In the Philippines, the gumamela (the local name for hibiscus) is used by children as part of a bubble-making pastime. The flowers and leaves are crushed until the sticky juices come out. Hollow papaya stalks are then dipped into this and used as straws for blowing bubbles. Together with soap, hibiscus juices produce more bubbles. It is also called "Tarukanga" in Waray, particularly in Eastern Samar province.
The hibiscus flower is traditionally worn by Pacific island women, and is a known shared custom that if the flower is worn behind the left ear, the woman is married or has a boyfriend. If the flower is worn on the right, she is single or openly available for a relationship.[citation needed] The pink hibiscus flower has its origins in Asia and the Pacific Islands, where it has served as a symbol of beauty, femininity, and young love. It is commonly associated with the Hawaiian culture and the Aloha spirit, which celebrates love, happiness, and peace. [30]
A stylized image of the hibiscus flower was used as a logo of Air Polynésie.
The bark of the hibiscus contains strong bast fibres that can be obtained by letting the stripped bark set in the sea to let the organic material rot away.
A coastal area in Auckland, New Zealand is known as the Hibiscus Coast, named after the non-native flower due to its associations with beach and holiday atmospheres.
^
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, ἰβίσκος
^Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 534. ISBN9781405332965.
^ abcFouda, A.M.; Daba, M.Y.; Dahab, G.M. (2007). "Inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa on contractility of the rat bladder and uterus". Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 85 (10): 1020–31. doi:10.1139/y07-093. PMID18066103.
^Haji Faraji, M.; Haji Tarkhani, A.H (1999). "The effect of sour tea (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on essential hypertension". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 65 (3): 231–236. doi:10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00157-3. PMID10404421.
^de Boer, H.J.; Cotingting, C. (2014). "Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in Southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology". J Ethnopharmacol. 151 (2): 747–767. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030. PMID24269772.
^Ali, B.H.; Al Wabel, N.; Blunden, G. (2005). "Phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: a review". Phytother Res. 19 (5): 369–375. doi:10.1002/ptr.1628. PMID16106391. S2CID26797889.
^Mahmoud, B.M.; Ali, H.M.; Homeida, M.M.; Bennett, J.L. (1994). "Significant reduction in chloroquine bioavailability following coadministration with the Sudanese beverages Aradaib, Karkadi and Lemon". Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 33 (5): 1005–9. doi:10.1093/jac/33.5.1005. PMID8089046.
^Kolawole, J.A.; Maduenyi, A. (2004). "Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers". Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 29 (1): 25–29. doi:10.1007/BF03190570. PMID15151167. S2CID10501505.
العلاقات البرتغالية المدغشقرية البرتغال مدغشقر البرتغال مدغشقر تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البرتغالية المدغشقرية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين البرتغال ومدغشقر.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه …
Twee SID-chips van Mos Technologies. De SID-chip (Sound Interface Device) van MOS Technology is de ingebouwde PSG van de Commodore CBM-II, C64, C128 en Commodore MAX Machine homecomputers. Het was een van de eerste geluidschips van zijn soort om te worden ingebouwd in een homecomputer voorafgaand aan de digitale geluidsrevolutie die plaatsvond in de jaren 80. Samen met de VIC-II videochip had de SID-chip een groot aandeel in de populariteit van de C64. Ontwerp De SID-chip werd bedacht door Rober…
Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York This article is about the 1915 building on Broadway. For the 1870 building constructed on this same site, see Equitable Life Building (Manhattan). For the 1985 building on Seventh Avenue, see Axa Equitable Center. United States historic placeEquitable BuildingU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic LandmarkU.S. Historic districtContributing propertyNew York State Register of Historic PlacesNew York City Landmark No. 1935 …
Indian Buddhist tantric traditions given to Tibet, Bhutan, and East Asia Esoteric Buddhism redirects here. For the book by A. P. Sinnett, see Esoteric Buddhism (book). A vajra and bell (ghanta), which are classic ritual symbols of Vajrayāna Part of a series onVajrayana Buddhism TraditionsHistorical traditions: Ari-Acharya Burmese-Bengal † Yunnan Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism † Filipino Esoteric Buddhism † East Asian Chinese Japanese Nepalese Inner Asian Tibetan Altaic (o, x, b, t, k, y) Ne…
Полонені в ході російсько-української війни — особи, які були взяті в полон в ході російської збройної агресії проти України, починаючи з 2014 року. В статті подано інформацію про військових та цивільних полонених. Зміст 1 Загальна кількість полонених українців 2 Протягом…
يوسف درة حداد معلومات شخصية تاريخ الميلاد سنة 1913[1] تاريخ الوفاة 1979 الحياة العملية المهنة قسيس تعديل مصدري - تعديل هذه المقالة عن سيرة شخصية ذات ملحوظية ضعيفة، وقد لا تستوفي ملحوظية الأشخاص، ويحتمل أن تُحذف ما لم يُستشهد بمصادر موثوقة لبيان ملحوظية الشخصية. (نق
Independence ParkThe OfficeInformasi stadionNama lengkapIndependence ParkLokasiLokasiKingston, JamaikaKonstruksiDibuat1962Dibuka1962Data teknisKapasitas35,000 (Stadion Nasional)Ukuran lapangantidak diketahuiPemakaiTim nasional sepak bola Jamaika Liga Rugbi Jamaika (terkadang) Independence Park adalah sebuah kompleks olahraga dan kebudayaan[1] di Kingston, Jamaika yang dibangun untuk British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1966. Tempat tersebut mentuanrumahi berbagai fasilitas olahraga. Cat…
Pool game This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The two top corner pockets, one for each player throughout an entire game. One-pocket is a pool game. Only one pocket for each player is used in this game, unlike other games played on a pool table wh…
Die Gleichtaktunterdrückung (englisch Common-Mode Rejection, kurz CMR) in der Elektronik besagt, dass eine Gleichtaktverstärkung unterdrückt wird oder in welchem Umfang das möglich ist. Prinzipiell verfügt ein elektrischer Differenzverstärker mit seinen zwei Eingängen einerseits über eine Gegentaktverstärkung, die den Unterschied zwischen beiden Eingangsspannungen untereinander erfasst, und andererseits über eine Gleichtaktverstärkung, die den gemeinsamen Unterschied zu einem Bezugspo…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2010) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve thi…
PentolSeorang pedagang pentolNama lainCembul, PenyolSajianMakanan ringanTempat asalIndonesiaDaerahJawa Tengah, Yogyakarta, Jawa TimurSuhu penyajianPanasVariasipentol kuah, pentol bakar, pentol goreng, pentol mercon Pentol (Jawa: ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦛꦺꦴꦭ꧀, translit. pênthol, disebut juga dengan cembul atau pênyol) adalah sebutan untuk jajanan tradisional serupa seperti bakso yang memiliki kandungan dagingnya lebih sedikit, terkadang pentol hanya terbuat dari tepung kanji (panganan se…
الأثر البيئي لصناعة النفط واسع النطاق وقابل للتوسع أيضًا، إذ أن له العديد من الاستخدامات. يعدّ كل من النفط الخام والغاز الطبيعي من مصادر الطاقة الأولية والمواد الخام التي تسهّل العديد من جوانب الحياة اليومية الحديثة والاقتصاد العالمي. زادت الإمدادات منها بسرعة على مدار الم…
В этой статье описывается запланированный или строящийся, но ещё не построенный объект или здание.Информация может меняться по мере поступления новых данных о ходе строительства. Рублёво-Архангельская линияМосковский метрополитен Открытие первого участка 2027 год[1]26…
Grande Prêmio dos Estados Unidos de 2022 Grande Prêmio dos Estados Unidos de 2022. Detalhes da corrida Data 23 de outubro de 2022 Nome oficial Formula 1 Aramco United States Grand Prix 2022 Local Circuito das Américas, Austin, Estados Unidos Total 56 voltas / 308.405 km Pole Piloto Carlos Sainz Jr. Ferrari Tempo 1.34.356 Volta mais rápida Piloto George Russell Mercedes Tempo 1.38.788 (na volta 56) Pódio Primeiro Max Verstappen Red Bull Racing-RBPT Segundo Lewis Hamilton Mercedes Terceiro Ch…
Metro line in Naples, Italy Line 6OverviewStatusService suspended since 2013 reopening projected for June 2024[1]LocaleNaples, Campania, ItalyTerminiMostraMergellina (planned: Municipio)Stations4 (planned total of 8)ServiceTypeLight metro[2]SystemNaples MetroOperator(s)ANMRolling stockT 67HistoryOpened4 February 2007 (2007-02-04)Suspended2013TechnicalLine length2.2 km (1.4 mi)Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge Rout…
Oxford City FC of Texas 2014–15 MASL football seasonOxford City FC of Texas2014–15 MASL seasonCEOThomas Anthony GuerrieroHead CoachChris Topper Cogan (games 1–11)Mariano Bollella (games 12–20)ArenaFord Arena5115 IH-10 SouthBeaumont, Texas 77705Major Arena Soccer League3rd, Southern (regular season)Ron Newman CupLost Division Semi-FinalTop goalscorerLucas Totti (35 goals, 20 assists)Highest home attendance1,388 (November 8 vs. Hidalgo La Fiera)Lowest home attendance0 (January 10 vs. Brown…
This article is about the palace in Saigon/Ho-Chi-Minh-City. For other uses, see Palace of Independence. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Independence Palace – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 10°46′37″N 106°41…
Moderner Leuchtturm in Matalascañas Golf von Cádiz Gewässer Atlantischer Ozean Landmasse Iberische Halbinsel Geographische Lage 37° N, 7° W36.580247-7.23999Koordinaten: 37° N, 7° W Golf von Cádiz (Andalusien) Breite ca. 360 km Tiefe ca. 100 km Zuflüsse Guadiana, Odiel, Río Tinto, Guadalquivir Leuchtturm von Mazagón Leuchtturm von Mazagón Der Golf von Cádiz ist eine Meeresbucht des Atlantiks, erstreckt sich von der andalusischen Hafenstadt Cádiz in…