Hexie (Chinese: 和谐号; pinyin: Héxié hào; lit. 'Harmony'), also known as the CRH series EMU, is an umbrella term for the multiple unit high-speed and higher-speed trains operated by China Railway under the China Railway High-speed brand. All series of Hexie are based on foreign-developed technology and later manufactured locally in China through technology transfer licenses, with the ultimate goal of China acquiring the know-how and capability to produce high-speed rail trains.
The Harmony series does not belong to any single platform, instead encompassing all high-speed trains in China with roots in foreign technology, specifically CRH1, CRH2, CRH3 and CRH5. Although later variants of Hexie such as CRH380A were designed by Chinese companies, they are still classified as CRH due to incorporation of foreign technology.
History
In 2007, China's Ministry of Railways drafted a plan for China's future high-speed network. Bombardier Transportation, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Alstom and later Siemens joined the high-speed train manufacturing project that later became known as Harmony. Forming joint-ventures with Chinese company CNR and CSR, these four foreign companies signed agreements with China to manufacture high-speed trains for China as well as provide assistance for Chinese companies to manufacture train cars locally in the future.
While the initial train sets from each Hexie series were manufactured overseas, subsequent sets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well. Although the first domestically produced trains were initially delivered in complete knock-down form, eventually manufacturing as a whole became predominantly Chinese.[1]
China currently holds many patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power. This weakness on the intellectual property of Hexie trains became an obstruction for China to export its high-speed rail related products, leading to the development of a completely redesigned train brand, Fuxing, which is based on indigenous technologies.[1][2][3]
China Railway High-speed train passing through Shenzhou railway station in HainanEngineer's compartment on the CRH3
The Harmony brand has different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A(L), CRH380B(L), and CRH380C(L). CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China. The signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese.[1] China currently holds many new patents related to the internal components of these trains, re-designed in China to allow the trains to run at higher speeds than the foreign designs allowed. However, these patents are only valid within China, and as such hold no international power.[1][2][3]
CRH2A: In 2006, China unveiled CRH2, a modified version of the Japanese Shinkansen E2-1000 series. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan, the rest produced by Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock in China.[4]
CRH2B: a modified 16-car version of CRH2; maximum operating speed of 250 km/h (155 mph)
CRH2C (Stage one): a modified version of CRH2 with a maximum operating speed up to 300 km/h (186 mph) as a result of replacing two intermediate trailer cars with motored cars
CRH2C (Stage two): a modified version of CRH2C (stage one) has a maximum operating speed up to 350 km/h (217 mph) by using more powerful motors
CRH2E: a modified 16-car version of CRH2 with sleeping cars
CRH3: nickname "Rabbit", derived from SiemensICE3 (class 403); 8-car sets; maximum operating speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).
CRH6: designed by CSR Puzhen and CSR Sifang, will be manufactured by CSR Jiangmen. It is designed to have two versions: one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h (137 mph); the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). They will be used on 200 km/h (124 mph) or 250 km/h (155 mph) Inter-city High Speed Rail lines; planned to enter service by 2011.[clarification needed]
CRH380D: also named Zefiro 380; maximum operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph), manufactured by Bombardier Sifang (Qingdao) Transportation Ltd.; planned to enter service in 2012.
CRH1A, B,E, CRH2A, B,E, and CRH5A are designed for a maximum operating speed (MOR) of 200 km/h (124 mph) and can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph). CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 310 km/h (193 mph), and can reach up to 350 km/h (217 mph), with a top testing speed more than 380 km/h (236 mph). However, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h (236 mph) impractical and remain limiting factors.
^ abWines, Michael; Bradsher, Keith (2011-02-17). "China Rail Chief's Firing Hints at Trouble". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27. Many multinational companies also resent China for tweaking foreign designs and building the equipment itself rather than importing it.
^ abJohnson, Ian (2011-06-13). "High-Speed Trains in China to Run Slower, Ministry Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-12-27. In the past few months, some foreign companies that sold China its high-speed technology said the trains were not designed to operate at 215 miles per hour. The ministry said that Chinese engineers had improved on the foreign technology and that the trains were safe at the higher speeds.
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