The first steam locomotive in China is thought to be a 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) gauge 0-4-0T engine used on the Shanghai-Wusong railway. Towards the end of the 19th century concessions obtained from the Qing dynasty enabled foreign powers (Germany, Russia, France and Great Britain) to build railways in China, and they introduced a variety of foreign-built machines. Later Japan gained control over Manchuria as a result of the Treaty of Portsmouth following the Russo-Japanese War and created the South Manchuria Railway from their acquisitions - resulting in Japanese as well as American locomotives being imported into the north-east of China.[1]
After the end of the Second World War China came back under indigenous rule. Locomotives were imported from both the United States and Russia as well as other Communist bloc countries.[1]
Production of steam locomotives continued into the late 20th century. However, steam motive power was supplanted by diesel and electric locomotives as early as the 1950s. The Chinese rail network has been increasingly electrified in the twentieth century.
Diesel-hydraulic locomotives type descriptions are prefixed either by the roman initials DFH (Diesel fuel, hydraulic) or NY (neiran yeli chuandong 内燃液力传动 meaning internal combustion - hydraulic transmission).[2] From the initials of the acronym DFH is derived from their phonetic sound the Chinese name "Dongfang Hong" meaning "Red East", matching the anthem of Communist China: "The East is Red" at the time of their introduction, as well as the well known observation of Chairman Mao Zedong that 'the east is red'. Usually DFH is used for internally produced locomotives and NY for imported or prototype machines.
The Dongfeng (DF) (Chinese: 东风) series of diesel-electric locomotives is the most important in Chinese rail transport. The Dongfeng 4 (DF4) is by far the most common locomotive to be seen on Chinese rails.
Both post 2000 introductions of asynchronous AC motor driven locomotives and high speed trains based on technology transfer arrangements with other countries have been given the common name "Harmony" series. Ministry of Railways deputy chief engineer Zhang Shuguang explained that the name was to represent energy efficiency and good environmental credentials as well as indicating smooth running of complicated systems.[6] Vehicles of the 'Harmony' series have an "H" in their type descriptions.
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rythme (homonymie). Robert Delaunay a voulu exprimer en peinture la notion de rythmes (1932). Le rythme en musique est l'organisation dans le temps des événements musicaux. Il comporte tous les éléments qui permettent de repérer une structure temporelle : espacement, durée, accentuation des sons musicaux[1]. La perception d'un rythme musical implique une forme de répétition de la structure[2]. En musique occidentale, le rythme détermine la durée d…
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