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Hrvatska radiotelevizija (abbr. HRT), or Croatian Radiotelevision, is a Croatianpublic broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. HRT is divided into three joint companies – Croatian Radio (Hrvatski radio), Croatian Television (Hrvatska televizija) and Music Production (Glazbena proizvodnja), which includes three orchestras (Symphony, Jazz, and Tamburitza) and a choir.
The founder of HRT is the Republic of Croatia which exercises its founder's rights through the Croatian Government. Croatian Radio (then Radio Zagreb) was founded on 15 May 1926. This date is considered the date on which HRT was founded. Television Zagreb (today Croatian Television) began broadcasting on 7 September 1956. By the law enacted by the Croatian Parliament on 29 June 1990, Radio Television Zagreb was renamed to Croatian Radiotelevision.
HRT operates as a provider of public broadcasting services, and Croatia provides independent funding by the Croatian Broadcasting Company Law and the State Aid Rules for Public Broadcasting Services. In carrying out its activities, HRT is independent of any political influence and commercial interest.
On 25 May 2012, HRT's archive of the television and radio program and its collection of musical production was given the status of Croatian cultural heritage.
History
The tower of the Broadcasting Center in Prisavlje in 2013An outside broadcast truck owned by HRT
Croatian Radiotelevision is the direct successor of Radio Station Zagreb (Radio stanica Zagreb) that started broadcasting on 15 May 1926, the first radio station to broadcast in the Balkans.[3] The station was initially a private company, before Radio Zagreb was nationalized on 1 May 1940. During the Independent State of Croatia, the station was known as Hrvatski krugoval. After World War II, it began to operate as a state-owned radio station.
At the end of the first year of operation, Radio Zagreb company had a little over four thousand subscribers.
On the 30th anniversary of the establishment of Zagreb Radio Station, on 15 May 1956, the first television programme was broadcast from the transmitter built at Sljeme. Television Zagreb's first live broadcast aired on 7 September 1956, making Croatia the first Yugoslav republic to have television.[4] For the next two years this was the only television broadcasting service in the southeast European area. Colour television broadcasts began in 1972. In 1970s, Radio Zagreb Correspondence Center and to a lesser extent Zagreb TV were the main coordinators of cooperation with other units of the Yugoslav Radio Television in production of media content for numerous Yugoslav citizens abroad.[5] The program was aired by Radio Cologne, Frankfurt, Free Berlin, Zurich, Vienna, Paris, Liege, Luxembourg, Hilversum and Stockholm while the second program of the German public television aired Zagreb made "Good Morning Yugoslavia" show.[5]
In May 1990, following Franjo Tuđman's election victory, he and his ruling Croatian Democratic Union party began a takeover of radio and television stations.[6] In June 1990, the Croatian Parliament renamed the company from Radio Television Zagreb (Croatian: Radiotelevizija Zagreb) to Croatian Radiotelevision (Croatian: Hrvatska radiotelevizija). The HDZ-majority Croatian Parliament soon appointed party loyalists to top managerial and editorial positions on the broadcaster.[7]
The film director Antun Vrdoljak, a Tuđman appointee who was tasked with overseeing the changes, pledged to make HRT into the "cathedral of the Croatian spirit".[7] On 16 September 1991, 300 employees at HRT were fired for "security reasons".[7] According to Miljenko Jergović, formerly of the Croatian independent Feral Tribune, there were three waves of purges at HRT at this time: removal of Serb journalists; removal of "independent-minded, respected and thus dangerous" journalists; and slowly, the removal of those who did not support ultranationalism any longer.[7]
The television channels were aired under the name Croatian Television (Croatian: Hrvatska televizija) between 1990 and 1993. Since then, the current name has been used. The radio broadcast unit is referred to as Croatian Radio (Croatian: Hrvatski radio).
Following Tuđman's death and the 2000 election in Croatia which brought Stjepan Mesić to power, attempts at reforming HRT into a more open media were made.[8]
Funding
In 2014, more than 85%[1] of HRT's revenue came from broadcast user fees with each household in Croatia required to pay 79 HRK (~€10) per month for a single television set, with the remainder being made up from limited advertising.[9]
Television
Channels
HRT 1 (or Prvi program): HRT's first TV channel, previously known as TVZ 1. This is a general channel with daily news around the world, documentaries, religious programmes, series and movies.
HRT 2 (or Drugi program): HRT's second channel, previously known as TVZ 2. It is primarily used for sports broadcasts and entertainment programmes. The channel is known for its extensive footage of vintage films. It also broadcasts educational programmes.
HRT 3 (or Treći program): HRT's third channel, primarily used for culture, films and documentaries. It was relaunched in September 2012.[10]
HRT 4 (or Četvrti program): HRT's fourth channel, broadcasting news programmes, started airing in December 2012.[11]
HRT International, formerly HRT 5 (or Peti program): HRT's fifth and international channel, broadcasting a wide range of programmes from its domestic channels for the Croatian diasporas in Europe, North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand.[12]
In the 1980s, there was a third channel called Z3 and later HTV Z3. It was taken off-air on 16 September 1991 when its main transmitter, the Sljeme TV tower, was damaged in an air raid. On 7 November 1994, the channel came back on the air, this time called HRT 3. The channel was later shut down with its frequency de-nationalized and put up for lease in a public tender in 2004 and it has been used by RTL Televizija ever since. It was replaced by satellite channel HRT Plus until its relaunch in 2012.
Regional TV channels
HRT Čakovec-Varaždin(HRT regionalni centar Čakovec-Varaždin)
HRT Osijek(HRT regionalni centar Osijek)
HRT Rijeka-Pula(HRT regionalni centar Rijeka-Pula)
HRT Split-Dubrovnik(HRT regionalni centar Split-Dubrovnik)
HRT Zadar-Šibenik-Knin(HRT regionalni centar Zadar-Šibenik-Knin)
Streaming
In October 2015, HRT Launched HRTi, an over-the-topstreaming service free to all registered users. HRTi offers a live stream of HRT's television and radio channels, as well as access to select catalogue of HRT's original and acquired programming.[13]
Programming
Dnevnik is one of HRT's popular news-programsStudio of Dobro jutro, Hrvatska in 2008HRT vehicles at the 2021 Pula Film Festival.
Dobro jutro, Hrvatska ("Good Morning, Croatia"), mosaic morning show from 7:00 to 9:00 am
Dobar dan, Hrvatska ("Good Afternoon, Croatia"), mosaic afternoon show
Nedjeljom u dva ("Sundays at Two O'Clock"), weekly talk show
Transfer ("Transfer"), show about the alternative culture and arts (visual arts, music and web culture)
TV kalendar ("TV Calendar"), long-running daily historical documentary television series, narrating about historical events, birth/death of people or their discoveries on the same date
The mediumwave transmitter at Zadar was at one time one of the most powerful in Europe and at nighttime could be heard throughout most of the continent with JRT (Yugoslav) and later HR (Croatian) programming from Zagreb and Pula. However it was badly damaged during the Serbian shelling of the city in the early 1990s, and has operated on somewhat reduced power since on 1134 kHz. Transmitter was rebuilt in 2004. It consists of 4 masts, every is 132 meters high.[15] It was taken off the air on 1 January 2014.
International service
Voice of Croatia (Glas Hrvatske): Airs programming for Croatians living abroad, Croatia's minority groups and the international community. While mostly in Croatian, the station also features short news and segments in English, German, Italian, Hungarian, and Spanish at different times of the day.
Clocks on Televizija Hrvatska were introduced in 1956.
The previous clock was used from January 8, 2007, until April 23, 2012. The clock was white on a blue background, next to the clock is an advert. (Was changed slightly in 2009, where the name "TELEVIZIJA HRVATSKA" was moved from beside the clock to the clock's face and changing tip seconds from white to red.)
The current clock is used from April 23, 2012. The clock is white, on the bottom of the clock is the HRT logo, an advert is next to the clock.
Test cards
The test card TELEVIZIJA HRVATSKA is PM5544, introduced in the 1970s. Nowadays test cards are rarely broadcast.
1970s to 1980s: PM5544 with upper text "JRT" and lower text "RTV-ZGRB".
1980s to September 1990: The testcard has again been modified, where updated upper text to "RTV-1" or "RTV-2" & lower text to "ZAGREB".
Since September 1990: Modified testcard. Upper text is "TELEVIZIJA", lower text is "HRVATSKA".
Closing and opening times
HRT1
1960s to 1980s: opens at 11:30 and close at 22:30, along with other stations of the Yugoslav Radio Television broadcast system
1980s to June 23, 1991: opens at 08:00 and close at 23:00, along with other stations of the Yugoslav Radio Television broadcast system
24 June 1991 – 1994: opens at 08:00 and close at 00:00
1994–1997: opens at 06:00 and close at 00:30
1998–2000: opens at 05:30 and close at 01:00
2000–2002: opens at 05:00 and close at 01:30
2002–present: 24-hour
HRT2
1970s to June 1991: opens at 18:00 and close at 22:00, along with other Yugoslavian channel 2's
September 1990 – 1995: opens at 11:00 and close at 23:00
