1863
Calendar year
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1863 .
1863 (MDCCCLXIII ) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar , the 1863rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini 2nd millennium , the 63rd year of the 19th century , and the 4th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1863, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Calendar year
Events
January 8 : First transcontinental railroad
January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War , making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The decision proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as the Union Army advances. This event marks the start of America's Reconstruction Era .[ 1] January 2 – Master Lucius Tar Paint Company (Teerfarbenfabrik Meister Lucius ), predecessor of Hoechst , as a worldwide chemical manufacturing brand , founded in a suburb of Frankfurt am Main , Germany .[citation needed January 4 – The New Apostolic Church , a Christian and chiliastic church, is established in Hamburg , Germany.January 7 – In the Swiss canton of Ticino , the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed and 29 killed, by an avalanche .[ 2] January 8
January 10 – The first section of the London Underground Railway (Paddington to Farringdon Street ) opens officially.[ 3] Jan.11 : Battle of Arkansas Post . January 11
January 15 – French intervention in Mexico : French forces bombard Veracruz .January 21 – Adam Opel founds Opel AG .January 22 – The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus . The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.January 29 – American Indian Wars – Bear River Massacre : The United States Army , led by General Patrick Edward Connor , massacres Chief Bear Hunter and forces of the Shoshone , in the Idaho Territory .January 31 – Jules Verne 's first adventure novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon Cinq semaines en ballon ), is published in Paris.February 1 – Radicals in Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, northern Ukraine and western Russia join the January Uprising .February 2 – January Uprising : Polish peasants are massacred by Russian hussars at Čysta Būda, near Marijampolė . February 7 : HMS Orpheus sinks. February 7 – HMS Orpheus sinks, while attempting to enter Manukau Harbour in New Zealand, with the loss of 189 lives.February 10 – Alanson Crane of Virginia patents a fire extinguisher .February 17 – The "Committee of the Five" holds their first meeting in Geneva , Switzerland, which is regarded as the foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross , following the lead of humanitarian businessman Henry Dunant .[ 4] February 24 – Arizona is organized as a United States territory .February 26 – Abraham Lincoln signs the National Banking Act into law.March 3
March 10 – Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII ) marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark (later Queen Alexandra).[ 5] March 14 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent granting Goulburn , city status, making it Australia's first inland city.March 19 – The SS Georgiana is destroyed on her maiden voyage, while attempting to run the blockade into Charleston, South Carolina . The wreck is discovered exactly 102 years later, by E. Lee Spence .March 30 – Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark , 17, is elected by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes ; he will reign in Greece for 50 years. He arrives in Athens on October 30 to take the throne.
May 17 : Manet 's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe May 17
May 18 – American Civil War: The siege of Vicksburg begins (ends July 4 , when 30,189 Confederate men surrender).May 21
May 23 – Ferdinand Lassalle founds the Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein General German Workers' Association , ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.May 28 – American Civil War: The 54th Massachusetts , the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston to fight for the Union.May 31 – The first Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race is held.June 7 – French intervention in Mexico : French forces enter Mexico City.June 9 – American Civil War: The Battle of Brandy Station , Virginia , ends inconclusively.June 12 – The Arts Club is founded by Charles Dickens , Frederic Leighton and others in Hanover Square , London.June 13 – Samuel Butler 's dystopian article "Darwin among the Machines " is published (under the pen name Cellarius ) in The Press Christchurch , New Zealand; it will be incorporated into his novel Erewhon June 14 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Winchester – A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia , in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia .June 17 – American Civil War: The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign ends inconclusively.June 20 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state .
July: Battle of Gettysburg . July 1 –3 – American Civil War : Battle of Gettysburg – Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee in the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).July 4 – American Civil War: Siege of Vicksburg – Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi , after the town surrenders, following a 47-day siege.July 6 – Queen Victoria issues Letters Patent , annexing to South Australia the part of the colony of New South Wales that will later become the Northern Territory .[ 8] July 9 – American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends, and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.July 13 – American Civil War: New York City draft riots – In New York City, opponents of conscription begin 3 days of violent rioting, which will be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States with around 120 killed.July 16 – Battle of Shimonoseki Straits : The screw sloop USS Wyoming engages with the Chōshū Domain fleet before withdrawing, in Japan's first naval engagement between elements of modern navies.July 17
July 18 – American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry , unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Fort Wagner but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their commander, Colonel Robert Shaw , is shot leading the attack, and is buried with his men (450 Union, along with 175 Confederate).July 26 – American Civil War: Morgan's Raid – At Salineville, Ohio , Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.July 30 – American Indian Wars : Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including Chief Pocatello (of the Shoshone ) sign the Treaty of Box Elder .July 30 – Valuev Circular banned the publication of religious, educational and training books in Ukrainian in the Russian Empire .[ 9] August 1
August 3 – Otago Boys' High School is founded in New Zealand.August 8 – American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg , General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis refuses the request upon receipt).August 15 –17 – Bombardment of Kagoshima : The British Royal Navy bombards the town of Kagoshima in Japan in retribution, after the Namamugi Incident of 1862 .August 16 – After Spain's annexation of the Dominican Republic , rebels raise the Dominican flag in Santiago to begin the Dominican Restoration War .August 17 – American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina , Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter (the bombardment does not end until December 31 ).August 21 – American Civil War:
August 26 – The Swedish-language liberal newspaper Helsingfors Dagblad proposed the blue-and-white cross flag as the flag of Finland .[ 13] September – The Western Railroad from Fayetteville , North Carolina, to the coal fields of Egypt , North Carolina, is completed.[ 14] September 6 – American Civil War: Confederates evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island , in South Carolina .September 19 –20 – American Civil War: Battle of Chickamauga – Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia .September 30 – Georges Bizet 's opera Les pêcheurs de perles Théâtre Lyrique in Paris.
October: Red Cross October 26 –29 – The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed by sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agreeing to form the International Red Cross .October 29 – American Civil War: Battle of Wauhatchie – Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant , having fought through the night, ward off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet . Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee .[ 15] November 4 – Hector Berlioz 's opera Les Troyens Théâtre Lyrique in Paris.[ 16] November 15 – King Christian IX of Denmark succeeds his distant cousin Frederick VII , giving rise to the beginning of the Second Schleswig-Holstein crisis.November 16 – American Civil War: Battle of Campbell's Station – Near Knoxville, Tennessee , Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside .November 17 – American Civil War: Siege of Knoxville – Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee, under siege (the two-week-long siege and an attack are unsuccessful).November 18 – King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November Constitution , which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852 , leading to the German–Danish war of 1864 .November 19 – American Civil War: U. S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address , at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania .November 23 – American Civil War: Battle of Chattanooga III – Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and counter-attack Confederate troops.November 24 – American Civil War: Battle of Lookout Mountain – Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain, and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city, led by General Braxton Bragg .November 25 – American Civil War: Battle of Missionary Ridge – At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee , Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the siege of Chattanooga, by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.November 26 – American Civil War: Mine Run – Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces can not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines, and give up trying after five days).November 27 – American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison, and return safely to the South.December 1 – The first steam-operated passenger railway opens in New Zealand, at Christchurch in South Island .[ 17] [page needed December 6 – C.S.A.C. Fides Quadrat Intellectum, the First Reformed student society, is founded at the Theologische Universiteit Kampen (Broederweg), in Kampen, the Netherlands.December 8 – The Church of the Company Fire in Santiago , Chile , kills between 2,000 and 3,000 people.December 15
December 19 – Linoleum is patented in the United Kingdom.[ 3]
Date unknown
Births
Swami Vivekananda January 1 – Pierre de Coubertin , French founder of the modern Olympic Games (d. 1937 )[ 18] January 7 – Anna Murray Vail , American botanist and first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden (d. 1955 )January 12 – Swami Vivekananda , Indian Hindu religious leader (d. 1902 )January 14 – Manuel Gomes da Costa , Portuguese general, 10th president of Portugal (d. 1929 )January 15 – Wilhelm Marx , Chancellor of Germany (d. 1946 )January 17
January 28 – Ernest William Christmas , Australian painter (d. 1918 )February 11 – John F. Fitzgerald , Mayor of Boston (d. 1950 )March 1 – Sydney Deane , Australian cricketer, actor (d. 1934 )March 9 – Emelie Tracy Y. Swett , American author (d. 1892 )March 11 – Andrew Stoddart , English sportsman (d. 1915 )March 12 – Gabriele D'Annunzio , Italian writer, war hero and politician (d. 1938 )March 13 – Maria Mikhailovich Volkonskaya , Russian princess, Catholic convert and writerMarch 27 – Henry Royce , English automobile pioneer (d. 1933 )
Helen Dortch Longstreet April 15 – Ida Freund , Austrian-born chemist and educator (d. 1914 )April 18 – Count Leopold Berchtold , Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (d. 1942 )April 20 – Helen Dortch Longstreet , American social advocate, librarian and newspaper woman (d. 1962 )April 28 – Josiah Thomas , Australian politician (d. 1933 )April 29
May 18 – Ehrhard Schmidt , German admiral (d. 1946 )May 21 – Archduke Eugen of Austria , Austrian field marshal (d. 1954 )May 24 – George Grey Barnard , American sculptor (d. 1938 )May 29 – Arthur Mold , English cricketer (d. 1921 )June 2 – Felix Weingartner , Austrian conductor (d. 1942 )June 13 – Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon , English fashion designer (d. 1942 )June 17 – Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg , head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1934 )
Hugo Winckler Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy Henry Ford Carlos I of Portugal July 1 – William Grant Stairs , Canadian explorer (d. 1892 )July 4 – Hugo Winckler , German archaeologist and historian, uncovers the capital of the Hittite Empire (Hattusa) (d. 1913 )July 6 – Reginald McKenna , British Chancellor of the Exchequer (1915-1916) (d. 1943 )July 15 – Gonzalo Córdova , 21st president of Ecuador (d. 1928 )July 21 – C. Aubrey Smith , English actor (d. 1948 )July 25 – Alison Skipworth , English actress (d. 1952 )July 30 – Henry Ford , American automobile manufacturer, industrialist (d. 1947 )August 1 – Gaston Doumergue , President of France during the Third Republic (d. 1937 )August 3 – Géza Gárdonyi , Hungarian author (d. 1922 )August 15 – Jesse Price , American politician and member of the United States House of Representatives from 1914 to 1919 (d. 1939 )August 17 – Gene Stratton-Porter , American author, screenwriter and naturalist (d. 1924 )August 23 – Princess Amélie Rives Troubetzkoy , American author (d. 1945 )August 24 – Carrie Ashton Johnson , American editor, author (d. 1949 )August 24 – Dragutin Lerman , Croatian writer, African explorer, East Congo commissioner (d. 1918 )September 1 – João Pinheiro Chagas , Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1925 )September 13
September 21 – John Bunny , American film comedian (d. 1915 )September 22
September 25 – S. Isadore Miner , American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (d. 1916 )September 28 – King Carlos I of Portugal (k. 1908 )September 30 – Reinhard Scheer , German admiral (d. 1928 )
October 4 – Samuel P. Bush , American businessman and industrialist (d. 1948 )October 7 – Clarence Stewart Williams , American admiral (d. 1951 )October 11
October 16 – Austen Chamberlain , English politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937 )November 8 – Eero Järnefelt , Finnish realist painter (d. 1937 )November 11 – Paul Signac , French Neo-Impressionist painter (d. 1935 )November 14 – Leo Baekeland Belgian-born American chemist (d. 1944 )November 20 – Zeffie Tilbury , English stage, film actress (daughter of Lydia Thompson ) (d. 1950 )November 23 – János Hadik , 19th prime minister of Hungary (d. 1933 )November 24 – Leberecht Maass , German admiral (d. 1914 )November 28 – Eremia Grigorescu , Romanian general (d. 1919 )November 30 – Andrés Bonifacio , Filipino revolutionary leader (d. 1897 )December 1
December 5 – Paul Painlevé , mathematician and 2-time prime minister of France (d. 1933 )December 7
December 8 – Albert Abrams , American doctor (d. 1924 )December 11
Edvard Munch
Deaths
Antonio Valero de Bernabé January 1 – William B. Renshaw , United States Navy officer (killed in action) (b. 1816 )February 7 – William Farquharson Burnett , British commodore (drowned) (b. 1815 )February 10 – Emma Catherine Embury , American author (b. 1806 )April 1 – Jakob Steiner , Swiss mathematician (b. 1796 )April 10 – Giovanni Battista Amici , Italian astronomer, microscopist and botanist (b. 1786 )April 21 – Sir Robert Bateson, 1st Baronet , Irish nobility (b. 1782 )May 7 – Earl Van Dorn , American Confederate general (murdered) (b. 1820 )May 10 – Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson , American Confederate general (died of wounds) (b. 1824 )June 7 – Antonio Valero de Bernabé , Latin American liberator (b. 1790 )June 9 – Dost Mohammad Khan , Emir of Kabul , King of Kandahar (b. 1793 )June 24 – Sir George Elliot , British admiral (b. 1784 )June 26 – Andrew Hull Foote , American admiral (b. 1800 )
Eugène Delacroix Jacob Grimm July 1 – John F. Reynolds , American general (killed in action) (b. 1820 )July 5 – Lewis Armistead , American Confederate general (died of wounds) (b. 1817 )July 10 – Clement Clarke Moore , American writer and teacher (b. 1779 )July 18 – Robert Gould Shaw , American Union Army officer (killed in action) (b. 1837 )July 21 – Josephine Kablick , Czech botanist and paleontologist (b. 1787 )July 26 – Sam Houston , first President of the Republic of Texas (b. 1793 )August 1 – Jind Kaur , Indian royal, Maharani of Punjab (b. 1817 )August 13 – Eugène Delacroix , French painter (b. 1798 )September 17 – Alfred de Vigny , French author (b. 1797 )September 20 – Jacob Grimm , German folklorist (b. 1785 )September 21 – Benjamin Hardin Helm , Confederate politician and general (died of wounds) (b. 1831 )October 13 – Philippe Antoine d'Ornano , Marshal of France (b. 1784 )November 2 – Theodore Judah , American railroad engineer (yellow fever) (b. 1826 )November 13 – Ignacio Comonfort , President of Mexico 1855 -1857 (killed in action) (b. 1812 )[ 19] November 15 – King Frederick VII of Denmark (b. 1808 )December 2 – Jane Pierce , 15th First Lady of the United States (b. 1806 )December 13 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel , German writer (b. 1813 )December 16 – John Buford , American general (b. 1826 )December 24 – William Makepeace Thackeray , British novelist (b. 1811 )
In fiction
References
^ Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York: Norton. pp. 239–42. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0 ^ a b Resoconto del C.omitato cantonale di Soccorso intorno ai sussidi raccolti e distribuiti pei danni cagionati dalle nevi nel gennaio 1863 . Lugano: Tip. Cantonale. 1864.^ a b c Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1863". The People's Chronology . Thomson Gale. ^ Boissier, Pierre (1985). History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima . Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute. ISBN 2-88044-012-2 ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Smith, Peter (2000). "Ridvan" . A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith . Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 296–297 . ISBN 1-85168-184-1 ^ a b Chaffin, Tom (2008). The H. L. Hunley: the Secret Hope of the Confederacy ISBN 978-0-8090-9512-4 ^ Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863 Archived June 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . National Archives of Australia .^ Remy, Johannes. "The Valuev Circular and Censorship of Ukrainian Publications in the Russian Empire (1863-1876): Intention and Practice" . academia.edu . Retrieved April 1, 2024 . ^ Olavi Junnila (1986). "Autonomian rakentaminen ja kansallisen nousun aika". Suomen historia 5 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Weilin + Göös. p. 151. ISBN 951-35-2494-9 ^ "History of Bayer" . Bayer . Retrieved January 11, 2023 .^ Nolan, Daniel J. (2011). Clippers: the ships that shaped the world . Bray: Malbay Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-908726-00-1 ^ IL: Keltaristilippumme! Suomen lipuksi oli tyrkyllä monenlaisia yritelmiä - katso kuvat (in Finnish)^ CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Western Railroad Company" , North Carolina Business History , 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010^ Cozzens, Peter. The Shipwreck of Their Hopes: The Battles for Chattanooga . Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994. ISBN 0-252-01922-9 . Page 100.
^ Robert Ignatius Letellier (April 16, 2010). Opéra-Comique: A Sourcebook ISBN 978-1-4438-2168-1 ^ Marshall, John (1989). The Guinness Railway Book . Enfield: Guinness Books. ISBN 0-8511-2359-7 OCLC 24175552 .^ "Pierre, baron de Coubertin | Biography, Olympics, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Retrieved April 15, 2022 .^ "IGNACIO COMONFORT" (in Spanish). Presidency de la Republica de Mexico. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019 .
further reading
