Silinderseël

Dié Nieu-Assiriese silinderseël bevat twee gode met vlerke. Walters-kunsmuseum.
’n Silinderseël uit die Uruk-tydperk en ’n afdruk daarmee, omstreeks 3100 v.C. Louvre.
’n Silinderseël van die Eerste Dinastie van Ur, gevind in koningin Puabi se graftombe, omstreeks 2600 v.C., en ’n afdruk daarmee.[1][2]
Verskeie groottes, met afdrukke by.

’n Silinderseël is ’n klein, ronde silinder wat gewoonlik omtrent 2 tot 3 cm lank is en gegraveer is met óf geskrewe karakters óf figuurtonele óf albei. Dit is in antieke tye gebruik om ’n afdruk op ’n tweedimensionele oppervlak te maak, meestal nat klei.

Volgens sommige bronne is silinderseëls omstreeks 3500 v.C. in die antieke Nabye Ooste ontdek, in Uruk in Suid-Mesopotamië of effens later in Susa in Suidwes-Iran, en volg dit op die ontwikkeling van stempelseëls in die Halaf-beskawing of effens vroeër.[3] Hulle word verbind met laasgenoemde se skryf in wigskrif op kleitablette.[4][5][6]

Volgens ander bronne dateer die vroegste silinderseëls terug na ’n veel vroeër tyd, die laat Neolitikum (7600-6000 v.C.), honderde jare voor die uitvinding van skryf.[7][8] Hulle is gebruik as ’n soort administratiewe werktuig, ’n vorm van handtekening, sowel as op juweliersware en magiese geluksteentjies.[9] In latere tydperke is hulle op verskeie soorte kleidokumente gebruik. Grafte en ander terreine met waardevolle items soos goud, silwer, krale en edelstene, het dikwels een of twee silinderseëls ingesluit as ereblyk.

Beskrywing

Die silinderseëls is gewoonlik van halfedelstene gemaak, of soms van glas of keramiek, soos in antieke Egipte. Omdat Mesopotamië nie self goeie stene vir kerfwerk gehad het nie, is die groot stene van die vroegste silinderseëls waarskynlik uit Iran ingevoer.[10] Die meeste seëls het ’n gat wat in die lengte deur loop en is vermoedelik aan ’n ketting om die nek gedra sodat dit altyd beskikbaar sou wees.

Die meeste Mesopotamiese silinderseëls vorm ’n reliëfbeeld wat deur die uitgekerfde dele van die silinder op ’n materiaal soos klei afgedruk word, maar ander gebruik ink om verhewe beelde af te druk; laasgenoemde is nie in Mesopotamië ontdek nie, maar in die hedendaagse Mexikaanse staat Tabasco. Dit is gebruik om beelde op onder meer kledingstowwe af te druk.

Redelik baie silinderseëls het bewaar gebly en is belangrik as kuns, veral uit die Babiloniese en vroeë Assiriese tydperke. Indrukke op ’n sagte materiaal kan maklik gemaak word sonder om die seëls te beskadig en hulle word dikwels in museums uitgestal saam met afdrukke op ’n smal strook.

Ander argeologiese terreine waar silinderseëls ontdek is, sluit in stede in die Akkadiese Ryk, antieke Egipte, Mitanni, Persië, Sumer, Sirië en Mexiko.

Verwysings

Skakels

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