Antifa (Amerika Serikat)

Stiker antifa, berdasarkan logo gerakan Antifa Jerman.

Antifa (/ænˈtiːfə, ˈæntiˌfɑː/)^[1] adalah gerakan di Amerika Serikat yang sebagian besar didominasi oleh sayap kiri, aktivis politik anti-fasis yang militan,^[7][11] terdiri dari berbagai kelompok aktivis tanpa pemimpin yang bertujuan untuk mencapai tujuan politik mereka dengan menggunakan aksi langsung ketimbang melalui reformasi kebijakan.^{[12][13][14][15]} Para aktivis ini terlibat dalam berbagai taktik protes, termasuk aktivis digital, merusak properti dan kekerasan fisik, serta pelecehan terhadap mereka yang diidentifikasi sebagai fasis, rasis, maupun kanan jauh.^{[16][17][8][18][15][19][20]}

Individu yang terlibat dalam gerakan ini cenderung memiliki pandangan anti-otoritarian dan anti-kapitalis^[21] serta menganut berbagai ideologi sayap kiri seperti anarkisme, komunisme, marxisme, demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme.^{[22][23][21][24][25][26][27]} Baik nama "antifa" maupun logo dua bendera yang melambangkan anarkisme dan komunisme berasal dari gerakan Antifa Jerman.^[28]

Pada 1 Juni 2020, Presiden Donald Trump menggemakan pernyataan yang sebelumnya dilontarkan oleh Penasihat Keamanan Nasional Amerika Serikat, Robert O'Brien,^[29] dengan menyalahkan antifa dan para "anarkis profesional", karena telah melakukan tindakan kekerasan.^[30]

Etimologi

Kata antifa dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan kata serapan dari bahasa Jerman, diambil sebagai bentuk singkat dari kata antifaschistisch ("anti-fasis") dan nama Antifaschistische Aktion yang menginspirasi Gerakan Antifa menjadi lebih luas di Jerman.^{[31][32][33][34]} Kamus Oxford, mencantumkan kata "antifa" dalam daftar pendeknya sebagai "kata tahun ini" pada 2017, ditulis bahwa kata antifa tersebut "muncul dari ketidakjelasan relatif untuk menjadi bagian dari kosakata bahasa Inggris yang mapan selama 2017".^[33] Liga Anti-Pencemaran Nama Baik menyatakan bahwa label "antifa" harus dibatasi untuk "mereka yang secara proaktif berkonfrontasi fisik dengan musuh-musuh mereka yang dianggap fasis "dan tidak disalahgunakan untuk memasukkan semua kontra-demonstran anti-fasis.^[17]

Referensi

1. "Language Log » Ask Language Log: How to pronounce "Antifa"?". languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu. Diakses tanggal September 23, 2017. 
2. Alcorn, Chauncey (August 15, 2017). "A timeline of major 2017 pro-Trump, anti-Trump clashes before Charlottesville". Mic. Diakses tanggal October 30, 2017. The alt-right demonstrators are frequently confronted by anti-Trump progressive groups, including militant antifa and anarchist factions. 
3. Miller, Michael E. (September 14, 2017). "Antifa: Guardians against fascism or lawless thrill-seekers?". Washington Post. Diakses tanggal October 13, 2017. It was a call to arms for militant anti-fascists, or "antifa" – and Hines was heeding it. 
4. "An Inside Look at the Antifa Movement". KNTV. September 27, 2017. Diakses tanggal October 13, 2017. NBC Bay Area sat down with several militant Antifa protesters... 
5. Blow, Ashli (September 18, 2017). "Man with swastika armband gets punched in downtown Seattle while yelling at people". KIRO-TV. Diakses tanggal October 13, 2017. Antifa, a militant anti-fascist political movement... 
6. Cummings, Ian; Rice, Glenn E. (September 14, 2017). "Confused about antifa, protests and KC guns laws? Here's the deal". The Kansas City Star. Diakses tanggal October 13, 2017. Antifa ... is a movement of militant leftist activists promoting direct action against white supremacists and fascists. 
7. ^{[2][3][4][5][6]}
8. Seurth, Jessica (August 14, 2017). "What is Antifa?". CNN. Diakses tanggal August 15, 2017. 
9. Savage, Charlie (August 16, 2017). "Justice Dept. Demands Data on Visitors to Anti-Trump Website, Sparking Fight". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal August 16, 2017. 
10. "Who Are Antifa?". Anti Defamation League. 
11. ^[8][9][10]
12. Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (2 July 2019). "What Is Antifa? Explaining the Movement to Confront the Far Right". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 13 July 2019. 
13. Beinart, Peter (August 16, 2017). "What Trump Gets Wrong About Antifa". The Atlantic. Diakses tanggal August 16, 2017. 
14. February 25, Lily Rothman; 2019. "What the Artist Behind a Comics-Style History of Anti-Fascist Resistance Thinks You Should Know About Antifa". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2019-07-22. 
15. Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Diakses tanggal November 7, 2017. 
16. "Meet Antifa's Secret Weapon Against Far-Right Extremists". Wired (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-11-13. 
17. "Who are the Antifa?". Anti-Defamation League. 2017. Diakses tanggal July 2, 2019. 
18. Steakin, William (May 4, 2017). "What is Antifa? Controversial far-left group defends use of violence". AOL. Diakses tanggal August 15, 2017. 
19. Kaste, Martin; Siegler, Kirk (June 16, 2017). "Fact Check: Is Left-Wing Violence Rising?". National Public Radio. Diakses tanggal August 15, 2017. 
20. Mattoni, Alice. "Voices of dissent: activists' engagements in the creation of alternative, autonomous, radical and independent media". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.459.6366 . 
21. Cammeron, Brenna (August 14, 2017). "Antifa: Left-wing militants on the rise". BBC News. Diakses tanggal November 7, 2017. Antifa is anti-government and anti-capitalist, and their methodologies are often perceived as more closely aligned with anarchists than the mainstream left. 
22. "What is Antifa?". www.aljazeera.com. 1 June 2020. Diakses tanggal 2020-06-02. Anti-facists of the movement tend to be grouped on the leftward fringes of the US political spectrum, many describing themselves as socialists, anarchists, communists or anti-capitalists. 
23. Fuller, Thomas; Feuer, Alan; Kovaleski, Serge F. (August 17, 2017). "'Antifa' Grows as Left-Wing Faction Set to, Literally, Fight the Far Right". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal September 10, 2017. [...] the diverse collection of anarchists, communists and socialists has found common cause in opposing right-wing extremists and white supremacists 
24. Illing, Sean (August 25, 2017). "'They have no allegiance to liberal democracy': an expert on antifa explains the group". Vox. Diakses tanggal August 27, 2017. For the most part, these are pan-leftist groups composed of leftists of different stripes. They all seem to have different views of what they think the ideal social order looks like. Some of them are Marxists, some are Leninists, some are social democrats or anarchists. 
25. Lozada, Carlos (September 1, 2017). "The history, theory and contradictions of antifa". The Washington Post. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-09-01. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2017. And its politics are not just negatory — they also aim to adapt “preexisting socialist, anarchist, and communist currents to a sudden need to react to the fascist menace.” 
26. "What is Antifa?". The Economist. July 29, 2017. Diakses tanggal August 15, 2017. 
27. "Unmasking the leftist Antifa movement". CNN. August 17, 2017. Diakses tanggal November 7, 2017. 
28. Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. Melville House. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6.
29. Smith, Allan (May 31, 2020). "Trump says he will designate antifa a terrorist organization as GOP points fingers at extremists". NBC News. Diakses tanggal May 31, 2020. 
30. Samuels, Brett; Chalfant, Morgan (June 1, 2020). "Trump mobilizes military in DC to quell protests as tear gas fired into crowds". The Hill. Diakses tanggal June 1, 2020. 
31. "Words We're Watching: 'Antifa'". Merriam-Webster (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-11-13. 
32. "antifa". Merriam-Webster. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2019. 
33. "Word of the Year 2017: shortlist". Oxford Dictionaries. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2019. 
34. "antifa". Collins English Dictionary. Diakses tanggal July 21, 2019. 

Daftar pustaka

• Cannistraro, Philip V. (1985). "Luigi Antonini and the Italian Anti-Fascist Movement in the United States, 1940-1943". Journal of American Ethnic History. 5 (1): 21–40. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27500414. 

Bacaan tambahan

• "The Black Bloc Papers: An Anthology of Primary Texts From The North American Anarchist Black Bloc 1988–2005" (PDF). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2010-07-03. Diakses tanggal 2019-06-28. , by Xavier Massot & David Van Deusen of the Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (NEFAC-VT), Breaking Glass Press, 2010.
• Bray, Mark (2017). Antifa: The Anti-Fascist Handbook. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-61219-703-6. 
• Coale, Robert S. (2016). "From Antifascistas to PAF: Lexical and Political Interpretations of American International Brigaders in Spain during the Second World War". Dalam García, Hugo. Rethinking Antifascism: History, Memory and Politics, 1922 to the Present. New York: Berghahn Books. hlm. 187–199. ISBN 978-1-78533-139-8.