生态狩猎(eco-hunting):也称绿色狩猎(green hunting),指使用非致命手段(比如麻醉枪,或配有麻醉剂针头做箭头的弓箭[2])将猎物击倒捕捉后尽可能无伤害放生的狩猎行为[3],通常被兽医用来对自然保护区内的野生动物进行医疗、活检采样、GPS监视和人为迁移[4][5]。绿色狩猎还可以用来提供一种更符合野生动物保护的休闲狩猎方式,用来取代损失不可逆的传统狩猎[6][7],概念上与现代休闲捕鱼中倡导的“捉完就放”(catch and release)相似,可以让猎手在能享受到捕猎成功的快感同时不需要真正去牺牲猎物的性命——在猎物被麻醉倒后,猎手依旧可以像传统狩猎那样与猎物拍照合影、测量尺寸、甚至收集毛发作为纪念,狩猎俱乐部也通常会承认成功记录并可以颁发额外制作的奖状[8]。而绿色狩猎形式的狩猎旅行的费用也通常更加便宜,因为顾客不需要补偿保护区的野生动物成本损失。
美国考古学家刘易斯·宾福德(Lewis Binford,1931~2011)在1986年的一份报告中批判了晚期古猿和早期人类是猎人的设想。基于对动物残骸的骨骼分析,他的出结论认为早期人科主要是食腐者而非掠食者[14]。罗伯特·布卢门斯钦(Robert J. Blumenschine)则拿出了“对抗性食腐”的提议,认为早期人类会用挑战并赶跑掠食者抢夺刚被捕杀的猎物尸体的方式获得蛋白质丰富的肉类食物[15]。
北美最老的野生动物保护组织——布恩和克罗克特俱乐部(Boone and Crockett Club)认为:
Fundamental to all hunting is the concept of supporting the conservation of natural resources. Modern hunting involves the regulated harvest of individual animals in a manner that conserves, protects, and perpetuates the hunted population, known as sustainable use.[36]
所有狩猎的宗旨概念是支持自然资源的保护。现代狩猎涉及用保存、保护、延续猎物族群的手段进行受监管的个体动物收获行为,也就是可持续性使用。
The ethical, sportsmanlike, and lawful pursuit and taking of any free-ranging wild game animal in a manner that does not give the hunter an improper or unfair advantage over the game animals.[36]
有操守、有体育精神、合法的追踪并获取自由活动的野生大型猎物,用不让猎手相对猎物拥有不恰当或不公平优势的方式。
^Cousins, Jenny A.; Sadler, Jon P.; Evans, James. The Challenge of Regulating Private Wildlife Ranches for Conservation in South Africa. Ecology and Society. 2010, 15 (2). ISSN 1708-3087. doi:10.5751/es-03349-150228.
^Gaudzinski, S. Subsistence patterns of Early Pleistocene hominids in the Levant – Taphonomic evidence from the 'Ubeidiya Formation (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science. 2004, 31: 65–75. doi:10.1016/s0305-4403(03)00100-6..
Rabinovich, R.; Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S.; Goren-Inbar, N. Systematic butchering of fallow deer (Dama) at the early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (Israel). Journal of Human Evolution. 2008, 54 (1): 134–49. PMID 17868780. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.07.007.
^Plummer, T.W., Bishop, L., Ditchfield, P., Kingston, J., Ferraro, J., Hertel, F. & D. Braun (2009). "The environmental context of Oldowan hominin activities at Kanjera South, Kenya". In: Hovers, E. & D. Braun (eds.), Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding the Oldowan, Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 149–60.
Tom Plummer, "The Hard Stuff of Culture: Oldowan Archaeology at Kanjera South, Kenya" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Popular Archaeology, June 2012.
^Binford, Louis. Human ancestors: Changing views of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 1986, 4 (4): 292–327. doi:10.1016/0278-4165(85)90009-1.
^Blumenschine, Robert J. (1986) Early hominid scavenging opportunities: Implications of carcass availability in the Serengeti and Ngorongoro ecosystems. Oxford, England: B.A.R.
^"In North America and Eurasia the species has long been an important resource—in many areas the most important resource—for peoples inhabiting the northern boreal forest and tundra regions. Known human dependence on caribou/wild reindeer has a long history, beginning in the Middle Pleistocene (Banfield 1961:170; Kurtén 1968:170) and continuing to the present. […] The caribou/wild reindeer is thus an animal that has been a major resource for humans throughout a tremendous geographic area and across a time span of tens of thousands of years." Burch, Ernest S.; Jr. The Caribou/Wild Reindeer as a Human Resource. American Antiquity. 1972, 37 (3): 339–68. JSTOR 278435. doi:10.2307/278435.
^Machiavelli provides a rationale, if not the origin, of noble hunting:
Machiavelli, Niccolò. Discourses on the first decade of Titus Livius, Book 3. Gilbert, Allan (编). Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others 1. Duke University Press. 1531: 5161989 [27 December 2013]. ISBN 978-0-8223-8157-0. (原始内容存档于2021-11-14). [...] hunting expeditions, as Xenophon makes plain, are images of war; therefore to men of rank such activity is honorable and necessary.
^In his commentary on Martianus Capella's early 5th-century work, The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, one of the main sources for medieval reflection on the liberal arts.