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外微分

数学上,微分拓扑外微分算子,把一个函数的微分的概念推广到更高阶的微分形式的微分。它在流形上的积分理论中极为重要,并且是德拉姆上同调Alexander-Spanier上同调中所使用的微分算子。其现代形式是由嘉当发明的。

定义

一个k阶的微分形式的外微分是一个k+1阶的微分形式。

对于一个k-形式ω = ΣI fI dxIRn上,其定义如下:

对于一般的k-形式 ΣI fI dxI (其中多重指标I取遍所有{1, ..., n}的基数k的有序子集),我们只作了线性推广。注意如果上面有

(参看楔积)。

性质

外微分满足三个重要性质:

可以证明外微分由这些性质和其与 0-形式(函数)上的微分的一致性唯一决定。

d闭形式组成,而其恰当形式组成 (参看恰当微分)。

坐标不变公式

给定一个k-形式ω和任意光滑向量场V0,V1, …, Vk我们有

其中表示李括号,而帽子记号表示省略该元素:

特别的有,对于1-形式,我们有:

更一般的,李导数由李括号定义:

,

而一般微分形式的李导数和外微分密切相关。区别主要是记号上的;各种两者之间的恒等式可以在李导数条目找到。

微积分中的外微分

下面的对应关系揭示了向量微积分的诸多公式实际上只是上述外微分的三个法则的特殊情况而已。

对于一个0-形式,也就是一个光滑函数f: RnR,我们有

所以,对于向量场

其中grad f代表f梯度<•, •>是标量积

对于一个1-形式R3上,

它限制到三维情况就是

因此,对于向量场, 我们有 其中curl V代表V旋度 ×是向量积,而<•, •>标量积

对于一个2-形式

对于三维,若我们得到

其中V是一个向量场定义为

范例

对于1-形式 on R2我们有

这刚好就是在格林定理中被积分的2-形式。

向量微積分的恆等式:

皆是外微分第三性質—— 的特例。

参看

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