夏尔·亚历山大·德·卡洛纳

卡洛納肖像,伊莉莎白-路易丝·维杰-勒布伦 (1784)作品,伦敦,英国皇室收藏。

夏尔·亚历山大,卡洛纳子爵Charles Alexandre, vicomte de Calonne ,1734年1月20日—1802年10月30日),法国国务活动家、财政总监(1783年11月-1787年4月)。他对财政和行政的改革加速导致了1789年法国大革命的政府危机。

生平

卡洛纳生于杜埃一个上层阶级家庭,早年在阿图瓦担任律师,后任杜埃高等法院起诉人。1768年任梅斯地方行政长官(省长),1774年任里尔地方行政长官(省长)。法国大革命前夕,由于他善于理财,并与宫廷有联系,因此在1783年11月3日出任财政总监。

财政总监

当时法国政府由于参与美国独立战争以及其他原因[1],导致1.12亿里弗的财政赤字,政府债台高筑,卡洛纳立即着手弥补财政危机,在首席大臣韦尔热讷伯爵的支持下,卡洛纳于1784年筹集了一笔偿债基金,1785年10月通过黄金铸币,开发了caisse d 'escompte(从事现金折扣),改革了金本位制。但他发现必须进行重大改革,才能挽救濒于破产的法国财政。1786年8月20日他向路易十六国王呈递一个影响深远的改革计划,其核心是一个新的土地税改革方案,包括征收土地比例税,增加对贵族和教士等特权阶级课税等内容,对外则主张粮食自由贸易和废除法国无数的内部关税壁垒。最终的改革方案包括5大方案:

1) 削减政府开支

2) 创建一个复兴自由贸易的方法

3) 授权出售教堂的财产

4) 均衡的盐和烟草税

5) 建立一个通用的土地税 [1]

卡洛纳

安·罗伯特·雅克·杜尔哥雅克·内克尔曾尝试这些改革,但一一失败,卡洛纳认为他们的失败是由于议会的反对。因此他在1787年1月向议会提议建立一个领地补助金(subvention territoriale),无区别征收所有土地所有税。

革职和流放

卡洛纳知道高等法院会拒绝他的建议,遂将改革计划提交给1787年2月22日特别召开的显贵会议(包括贵族、教士和行政官员)。由于政敌的阴谋破坏和与会的高级教士和行政官员的反对,他的努力以失败而告终。1787年4月8日路易十六将他革职,将他流放到洛林。在巴黎他被人取笑为“赤字先生”(Monsieur Déficit)。4个月后他引退离开法国前往英国,在那里他继承与雅克·内克尔通信讨论问题。

1789年,三级会议筹备召开,他越过弗兰德斯想回法国参加会议,但被禁止进入法国。于是他加入了科布伦茨的路易十六兄弟阿图瓦伯爵的王室流亡集团,为保皇党鼓吹,严厉批评国民议会废除法国的大部分封建体制,从1790年12月到1792年8月君主制倒台,他是流亡贵族的主要顾问。在那里他也几乎花光了妻子(一个富有的寡妇)带来的财富[2]

1802年,卡洛纳回到英格兰伦敦居住,1802年拿破仑·波拿巴执政府期间,在波拿巴邀请下回到法国,不久去世。

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ford, F: "Europe 1780-1830", page 102. Longman, 2002
  2. ^ Calonne's presence in the entourage of the Count of Artois at this time is confirmed in a journal that documents the events surrounding the coronation of Holy Roman Emperor 利奥波德二世 as 波西米亚国王 in 布拉格 in September 1791: the Krönungsjournal für Prag (Prague, 1791), 203.

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