(一)實驗或誘發模式(Induced or experimental models)
(二)自發模式(Spontaneous or natural models)
(三)負模式(Negative or non reactive models)
(四)孤兒模式(Orphan models)
以愛滋病(AIDS)為例,人類疾病動物模式指的是在動物身上進行生物、行為的研究成果,其實驗操作是利用動物產生的先天或誘發性病理變化,以作為人類疾病的參考。[143]然而,動物模式實驗作為人類疾病的一種參考,無法與人類有完全相同的結果。舉例而言,AIDS 研究通常是以猿猴作為人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)試驗動物,而根據研究結果顯示出: AIDS 這種誘發模式型疾病研究是存在極大變異性,反覆的操作沒效率的猿猴模式實驗並無法提高實驗的精準度。
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^杨砺. 人类基因组编辑峰会组委会:贺建奎将在争议中如期发言. www.bjnews.com.cn. 2018-11-26 [2019-08-04]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-04) (中文(中国大陆)). ……是英国纳菲尔德生物伦理委员会(Nuffield Council on Bioethics)进行……
^Rowan, A., Loew, F., and Weer, J. (1995) "The Animal Research Controversy. Protest, Process and Public Policy: An Analysis of Strategic Issues." Tufts University, North Grafton. cited in Carbone 2004, p. 26.
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^Dog profile. The Humane Society of the United States. [2019-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-26) (英语).
^Smith, D; Broadhead, C; Descotes, G; Fosse, R; Hack, R; Krauser, K; Pfister, R; Phillips, B; Rabemampianina, Y; Sanders, J; Sparrow, S; Stephan-Gueldner, M; Jacobsen, SD. Preclinical Safety Evaluation Using Nonrodent Species: An Industry/ Welfare Project to Minimize Dog Use. ILAR. 2002.
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^Animal Testing: Where Do the Animals Come From?. ASPCA. [2019-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-27) (英语). American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. According to the ASPCA, the following states prohibit shelters from providing animals for research: Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and West Virginia
^U.S. Primate Imports Spike. International Primate Protection League. 2007-04 [2019-08-18]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-08) (英语).
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^Bekoff, Marc. Euthanasia. Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal welfare 2nd ed. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. 2010: 189–190 [2019-08-07]. ISBN 9780313352553. OCLC 373474880. (原始内容存档于2020-09-15) (英语). 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)Carbone, Larry. "Euthanasia," in Bekoff, M. and Meaney, C. Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Welfare. Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 164–166, cited in Carbone 2004, pp. 189–190.
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