保加利亚语

保加利亚语
български
母语国家和地区保加利亚乌克兰摩尔多瓦塞尔维亚的极西部,罗马尼亚匈牙利以及在西欧美国加拿大澳大利亚等地的后裔
区域巴尔干半岛
母语使用人数
約780萬人 (2012年)[1]
語系
官方地位
作为官方语言 保加利亚
管理机构保加利亞科學院下屬的保加利亞語學會 Institute of Bulgarian at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Институт за български език)
語言代碼
ISO 639-1bg
ISO 639-2bul
ISO 639-3bul

保加利亞語български език羅馬化:balgarski yezik发音:[ˈbɤ̞lgɐrski ɛˈzik])是屬於印歐語系斯拉夫語族南斯拉夫語支,使用者主要集中在巴爾幹半島國家保加利亞及其周邊地區,是保加利亞的官方語言。

文字

保加利亞語早年使用格拉哥里字母,9世紀以西里爾字母取而代之。現代保加利亞語使用30個西里爾字母書寫,比俄語字母少3個,並且沒有特殊字母。

保加利亚语字母表
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з И и Й й
a b v g d e zh z i ĭ
К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т У у
k l m n o p r s t u
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ь ь Ю ю Я я
f kh ts ch sh sht ŭ ' yu ya

保加利亞語還曾有Ѣ ѣ [æː]跟Ѫ ѫ [ɔ̃]兩個字母,但是1945文字改革的時候,將它們從字母表中剔除了。保加利亞文一般不在字母上標注重音符號。

字母щ是辅音组合/ʃt/。ь使o之前的辅音腭化。ю与я分别表示/ju/与/ja/。

音韻

保加利亞語有6個母音:а [a], е [ɛ], o [ɔ], ъ [ɤ̞], и [i], у [u],22個子音.在這22個子音中,除了半母音/j/,全部都是硬音,其中有18個子音有對應的軟音

無聲子音(清) к /k/, х /x/,

п /p/, ф /f/,

с /s/, т /t/, ц /ʦ/,

ш /ʃ/ , ч /ʧ/

有聲子音(濁) б /b/, в /v/, м /m/,

г /g/

р /r/

й /j/

л /l/, н /n/

д /d/, з /z/, ж /ʒ/, дз /dz/, дж /ʤ/

保加利亞語的詞彙都有重音,但是重音並沒有固定在某個音節上.在詞形變化的時候,還會發生重音移位現象.

文法

保加拉亞語是斯拉夫語族中唯一一種趨向分析語的語言(馬其頓語除外,詳細原因請看下文的討論),它的文句結構是:主語-體詞-賓語.雖然保語大多數的文法規則和詞彙都同其他斯拉夫語很相近,但是保加利亞語還是有不少獨有的文法現象.

保加利亞語的名詞跟其他斯拉夫語言一樣,都有文法上的性別(陰、陽、中).多數名詞的文法性別可以根據詞的結尾字母來判定.比如,以子音字母結尾的名詞是陽性(град-城市син-兒子,等);以母音字母–а/–я結尾的名字是陰性(улица-街道, ракия-燒酒等);以母音字母–е/–о結尾的名字是中性(дете-兒童езеро-等)。保加利亞語的名詞還有單數複數形式,單數名詞通過更改結尾字母來獲得複數形式.不同文法性別的名詞所更改的字母是不同的.同其他斯拉夫語不同,保加利亞語的名詞已經沒有了的變化.古保語的名詞原先是有7個以及相應的變化規則,但是後來它們逐漸的消失,現代保加利亞語雖然還有一些變格規則的殘留,但是這些規則已經不為規範的語言所要求了。

同名詞一樣,保加利亞語的形容詞也有文法上的三個性別以及單複數形式,在保加利亞語中,形容詞被要求同所修飾的名詞保持性、數上的一致.另外,形容詞也喪失了文法上的7格以及相應的變化規則.同其他斯拉夫語言一樣,保加利亞語的形容詞也有普通級、比較級、最高級的形式.形容的比較級跟最高級形式可以通過在添加前綴來獲得.比如形容詞красив(美麗的);比較級形式通過添加по-來獲得:по-красив;最高級形式通過添加най-來獲得:най-красив

與馬其頓語的關係

保加利亞不少的學者都將北馬其頓共和國的語言看做是保加利亞語的一種方言,拒絕承認它是一種獨立的語言。保加利亞曾經以此為理由,阻撓北馬其頓展開加入歐盟談判。[2]

馬其頓語同保加利亞語一樣都喪失了斯拉夫語共有的名詞和形容詞的格的屈折變化,也都產生了冠詞

参考文献

  1. ^ 保加利亚语于《民族语》的链接(第17版,2013年)
  2. ^ 林宜萱. 保加利亞阻擋北馬其頓展開加入歐盟談判,原因:北馬其頓人說的語言不能稱為「馬其頓語」. 關鍵評論. 2020-11-18. (原始内容存档于2022-12-03). 

外部連結

語言學報告
字典
課程
保加利亚语字母
А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о
П п Р р С с Т т У у Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ь ь Ю ю Я я

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