俄羅斯猶太人

俄羅斯猶太人
位於莫斯科的猶太博物館與寬恕中心
分佈地區
 以色列1,200,000[1]
 美国350,000[2]
 德国178,500[3]
 俄羅斯159,548–165,000[4][5][6][7]
 澳大利亞10,000–11,000[8]
語言
希伯来语, 俄语, 意第緒語
宗教信仰
Judaism in Russia（英语：Judaism in Russia） (31%), Jewish atheism（英语：Jewish atheism） (27%),[9] 無宗教信仰 (25%), Christianity in Russia（英语：Christianity in Russia） (17%)[10][11]
相关族群

約公元500年前，就有犹太人居住在俄罗斯。俄罗斯犹太人中最大的群体是德系犹太人。此外還有高加索犹太人、塞法迪犹太人、卡拉伊姆人。俄罗斯帝国曾经是世界上存在最多流散犹太人人口最多的国家[12]。在俄罗斯帝国内的德系犹太人社区蓬勃发展，同时也面临着反犹太的歧视政策和迫害[13]。現今俄罗斯境內的猶太人口在歐洲國家中依舊排名第一[14]。

歷史

莫斯科大親王國內的猶太人最早可以追溯到1471年。卡捷琳娜二世统治期间，因瓜分波蘭吸納大量猶太人，犹太人被限制在俄罗斯境内的栅栏区。後來猶太人獲准離開栅栏区前往栅栏区以東地區居住。亚历山大三世時期反犹太政策變本加厲。从1880年代开始，帝國境內出現了一波又一波的反犹太大屠杀。1880年至1920年间，超过200万犹太人逃离俄罗斯，大部分逃往美国和現今的以色列[15]。

参考文献

  1. ^ Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. Cbs.gov.il. [2011-03-22]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-04）. 
  2. ^ Kliger, Sam. Russian Jews in America: Status, Identity and Integration (PDF). AJCRussian.org. The American Jewish Committee. 2004-06-14 [2016-09-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-02-01）. 
  3. ^ German Jews more than victims, community head says. Jewish Journal. 2011-01-05 [2018-10-30]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-31）. 
  4. ^ DellaPergola, Sergio. World Jewish Population, 2012 (PDF). North American Jewish Data Bank. 2012-11-02 [2013-07-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-04-22）. 
  5. ^ Tolts, Mark. Rebhun, Uzi , 编. Sources for the Demographic Study of the Jews in the Former Soviet Union XXV11. Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem/Oxford University Press. 2014: 170 [2015-10-25]. ISBN 9780199363490. （原始内容存档于2019-12-25）. 
  6. ^ Ruvinskiy, Vladimir. Russian census to find large Jewish drop, expert predicts. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 2010-10-24 [2015-09-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-26）. 
  7. ^ В России проживает около миллиона иудеев 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2019-12-27. Interfax, 26 февраля 2015 года
  8. ^ Gruzman, Emmanuel (May 12, 2018). Russian-speaking Jews in Australia: more difficulties at first but more satisfied at last. plus61j.net.au. 2018-05-12 [2018-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-12）. 
  9. ^ Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-12-06.. Sreda.org
  10. ^ Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Sreda.org
  11. ^ 2012 Survey Maps 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2017-03-20.. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), August 27, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2012.
  12. ^ Table of Ratios of Jewish to Total Population in the Principal Countries and Cities of the World. [2016-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-28）. 
  13. ^ Renaissance of Jewish life in Russia 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2018-04-30. November 23, 2001, By John Daniszewski, Chicago Tribune
  14. ^ Jews. Pew Research Center. 2012-12-18 [2021-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-05）. 
  15. ^ Gartner, Lloyd P. History of the Jews in Modern Times. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2010: 163–190. 

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