NGC天體表

星雲和星團新總表
其他名称NGC天體表
类型天體目錄 编辑维基数据
观测威廉·赫歇爾約翰·赫歇爾詹姆士·敦洛普 编辑维基数据
网站vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=VII%2F1B
共享资源页面 维基共享资源相关媒体

星雲和星團新總表》(New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars,縮寫:NGC),或稱NGC天體表,是由天文學家約翰·德雷耳於1888年編纂的天體目錄,包括星系星團發射星雲等7,840個深空天體。德雷耳在1895年和1908年出版了兩份《索引目錄》(Index Catalogues,縮寫:IC),作為NGC的補遺,書中額外描述了5,386個天體。數千個這樣的天體最為人所知的是它們的NGC或IC編號,因此NGC天體表如今仍被廣泛使用。

NGC天體表擴大並鞏固了威廉卡羅琳·赫歇爾,以及約翰·赫歇爾星雲和星團總表編輯的目錄。但天球赤道以南天體的編目不那麼徹底,許多天體是根據約翰·赫歇爾詹姆士·敦洛普的觀測而收錄在內的。

NGC天體表包含多個錯誤,但1973年,傑克·蘇倫蒂克英语Jack W.Sulentic威廉·蒂夫特英语William G.Tifft的《修訂新總目錄》(RNGC),還有罗格.W.斯诺特英语Roger W.Sinnott於1988年的“NGC2000”,以及1993年提出的“NGC/IC項目”都試圖消除這些錯誤。2009年,沃爾夫岡·斯坦尼克英语Wolfgang Steinicke編制了一份“修訂後的新總目錄和索引目錄”(縮寫為RNGC/IC),並於2019年更新了13,957個天體[1]

原始目錄

最初的"新總目錄"是由約翰·德雷耳在19世紀80年代利用威廉·赫歇爾和他的兒子約翰·赫歇爾的觀察結果編製的。之前,德雷耳已經出版了赫歇爾的《星雲和星團總目錄》(GC)的補充[2],包含大約1,000個新天體。在1886年,他建議對赫歇爾的《總目錄》進行第二次補充,但英國皇家天文學會要求德雷耳編輯一個新版本。這導致1888年在《皇家天文學會回憶錄》中出版了《新總目錄》[3][4]

編輯NGC天體表是一項挑戰,因為德雷耳必須處理許多相互衝突且不清楚的報告,這些報告是用在2到72英寸之間,各種不同孔徑的望遠鏡製作的。雖然他自己確實也檢查了一些,但數量之多意味著德雷耳不得不接受其他人發表的作品,以便進行編輯。該目錄中有幾個錯誤,主要與位置和描述有關,但德雷耳列出了每筆資料的出處,這使後來的天文學家能够審查原始參考資料,並發佈對原始NGC天體表的更正[5]

索引目錄

NGC的第一次重大更新是德雷耳於1895年出版的“星雲和星團索引目錄”(簡稱“IC I”[6],包含1,520個天體)和1908年的(IC II[7],包含3,866個天體)。它是NGC天體表的補充,包含額外的5,386個天體,統稱為IC天體。它總結了1888年至1907年間星系、星團和星雲的發現,其中大部分都是通過攝影實現的。1912年公佈了對IC的更正清單[8]

修訂後的新總目錄

四個不同的行星狀星雲。從左上角開始順時針方向:NGC 6543NGC 7662NGC 6826、和NGC 7009

《修訂後的非星天體總目錄》(Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects,簡稱“RNGC”)由傑克·蘇倫蒂克英语Jack W.Sulentic威廉·蒂夫特英语William G.Tifft於20世紀70年代初編制,並於1973年出版,作為NGC天體表的更新[9]。這項工作沒有包括之前發表的對NGC天體表數據的幾處更正(包括德雷耳本人發表的更正),還引入了一些新的錯誤。例如,獅子座中著名的緊湊星系群科普蘭七重奏英语Copeland Septet在RNGC中似乎不存在[5][10]

近800個天體在RNGC中被列為“不存在”。該名稱適用於目錄條目重複的天體、在後續觀測中未檢測到的天體,以及一些被歸類為星團的天體,在後續研究中被視為巧合分組。1993年的一本專著認為229個星團在RNGC中不存在。它們“自18世紀和19世紀被發現以來,就被錯誤地識別或沒有被找到” [11]。 它發現229中的一個, NGC 1498,實際上並不存在天空中。另外五個是其它條目的重複,99個「以某種形式」存在,另外124個需要額外的研究來解決[12]

再舉一個例子,在獵戶座反射星雲NGC 2163,由於德雷耳轉錄錯誤而被歸類為"不存在"。德雷耳已經糾正了自己在索引星表中的錯誤,但RNGC保留了原來的錯誤,並另外反轉了赤緯的標誌,導致NGC 2163被歸類為不存在[13]

NGC 2000.0

"NGC 2000.0"(也稱為"星雲和星團的完整新總目錄和索引目錄")是1988年由罗格.W.斯诺特英语Roger W.Sinnott使用J2000.0坐標製作的NGC和IC彙編[14][15]。它包含了天文學家多年來所做的一些更正和勘誤表[5]

NGC/IC專案

NGC/IC專案是專業和業餘天文學家於1993年合作成立的專案。該專案原預期於2017年完成,旨在識別所有NGC和IC天體,糾正錯誤,收集圖像和基本天文數據。團隊的主要成員是小哈羅德·科溫(Harold G. Corwin Jr.)、史蒂夫·戈特利布英语Steve Gottlieb (amateur astronomer)、瑪律科姆·湯姆森(Malcolm Thomson),羅伯特·厄德曼(Robert E. Erdmann)和傑弗里·科德(Jeffrey Corder)[16]

修訂後的新總目錄和索引目錄

“修訂後的新總目錄和索引目錄”(Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue,縮寫為"RNGC/IC")是沃爾夫岡·斯坦尼克英语Wolfgang Steinicke於2009年製作的彙編[10][17]。這是對NGC和IC星表的全面且權威的處理[18][19]

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ RNGC/IC 2019. [2022-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-07). 
  2. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. A Supplement to Sir John Herschel's "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars". Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. 1878, 26: 391–426. Bibcode:1878RIATr..26..381D. JSTOR 30079091. 
  3. ^ Bradt, H. Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 52. ISBN 978-0-521-53551-9. 
  4. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, being the Catalogue of the late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., revised, corrected, and enlarged (PDF). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1888, 49: 1–237. Bibcode:1888MmRAS..49....1D. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Corwin, H.G. Jr. The NGC/IC Project: An Historical Perspective. The NGC/IC Project. 12 October 1999 [2012-04-22]. (原始内容存档于10 May 2012). 
  6. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. Index Catalogue of Nebulae found in the years 1888 to 1894, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue. Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1895, 51: 185–228. Bibcode:1895MmRAS..51..185D. 
  7. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; containing objects found in the years 1895 to 1907, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888–94 (PDF). Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1910, 59: 105–198. Bibcode:1910MmRAS..59..105D. 
  8. ^ Dreyer, J. L. E. Corrections to the New General Catalogue resulting from the revision of Sir William Herschel's Three Catalogues of Nebulae. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1912, 73: 37–40. Bibcode:1912MNRAS..73...37D. doi:10.1093/mnras/73.1.37可免费查阅. 
  9. ^ Sulentic, J. W.; Tifft, W. G. The Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects需要免费注册. University of Arizona Press. 1973. Bibcode:1973rncn.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-8165-0421-3. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Steinicke, W. Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue. 17 January 2012 [2012-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-17). 
  11. ^ Monograph No. 1 - The "Non-Existent" Star Clusters of the RNGC. Webb Deep-Sky Society. [29 May 2017]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-07). 
  12. ^ Allison, Mark. Star Clusters and How to Observe Them. Springer Science & Business Media. 4 April 2006: 62–63 [29 May 2017]. ISBN 9781846281983. (原始内容存档于2021-12-27). 
  13. ^ O'Meara, Stephen James. Deep Sky Companions: Hidden Treasures. Cambridge University Press. 12 April 2007: 175–176 [30 May 2017]. ISBN 9781139463737. (原始内容存档于2021-12-27). 
  14. ^ NGC2000 - NGC2000.0: Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog. Goddard Space Flight Center. [2012-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-20). 
  15. ^ Sinnott, R. W. NGC 2000.0: The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogues of Nebulae and Star Clusters. Sky Publishing. 1988. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2. 
  16. ^ The NGC/IC Project. [2020-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-10). 
  17. ^ Steinicke, W. Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue. Cambridge University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-19267-5. 
  18. ^ Duerbeck, H. W. Book Review: Nebel und Sternhaufen - Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung Beobachtung und Katalogisierung (Steinicke). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 2009, 12 (3): 255. Bibcode:2009JAHH...12..255D. 
  19. ^ Duerbeck, H. W. Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters. From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue (Steinicke). Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 2011, 14 (1): 78. Bibcode:2011JAHH...14Q..78D. 

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