GOES-16

0°00′N 75°12′W / 0°N 75.2°W / 0; -75.2

GOES-16
在航天器主体上描绘着太阳及卫星排列
艺术家对GOES-16在轨道上的想象图
名称GOES-R (before 29 November 2016)
任务类型地球静止轨道 气象卫星
运营方NASA/NOAA
国际卫星标识符2016-071A
衛星目錄序號41866
网站www.goes-r.gov
任務時長预计: 15 年
运行时间: 8年,1个月,4天
航天器属性
平台洛克希德·马丁 A2100
制造方洛克希德·马丁
發射質量5,192公斤(11,446磅)
乾質量2,857公斤(6,299磅)
尺寸6.1乘5.6乘3.9米(20乘18乘13英尺)
功率4 千瓦
任務開始
發射日期2016年10月19日23时42分UTC
运载火箭宇宙神5号 541 (AV-069)
發射場卡纳维拉尔角 SLC-41
承包方联合发射联盟
運營開始時間2017年10月18日
軌道參數
参照系地心轨道
軌域地球静止轨道
經度西经75.2°
槽位GOES East (after 18 December 2017)
半長軸42,164.8 km(26,200.0 mi)
離心率0.0001538
近地點35,780.2 km(22,232.8 mi)
遠地點35,793.1 km(22,240.8 mi)
傾角0.0363°
週期1,436.1 分钟
曆元2018年4月1日, 18:22:45[1]

GOES-R 使命徽章
← GOES-15
GOES-17 →

GOES-16(在到达地球静止轨道之前被称为GOES-R、在到达地球静止轨道之后被称为GOES-East)是由NASANOAA运营的GOES-NEXT系列静止环境观测卫星中的第一颗。GOES-16是地球静止轨道气象卫星,定点于75.2°W,对美洲地区进行观测。GOES-16提供16个不同波段的高时间和空间分辨率的地球图像,此外,GOES-16还携带有四种观测太空环境和太阳的仪器。

GOES-16的设计开始于1999年,用于满足未来NOAA卫星的要求,经过10年的仪器设计,最终交付给洛克希德·马丁公司进行制造。2008年,GOES-16开始建造,并在2012-2014年进行不断的测试,在几经发射推迟之后,GOES-16于2016年11月19日在卡纳维拉尔角由ULA宇宙神5号发射升空。几天后,卫星到达初始预定位置,并开始长达一年的验证实验阶段。2017年11月,GOES-16向东移动到75.2°W,并于2017年12月18日宣布正式投入使用。GOES-16预计在轨运行10年,之后为后续GOES系列卫星提供5年在轨备份服务。

背景

卫星仪器设计

静止环境观测卫星(GOES)项目始于美国国家航空航天局(NASA)和国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)于1975年开发的地球静止轨道气象卫星继1966年开发的应用技术卫星和同步气象卫星项目。[2]

GOES-16的更多开发始于1999年6月NESDIS的ABI成像仪的设计,一开始设计时设计是一共有10个波段被加入ABI成像仪,并在卫星上添加6种不同仪器。[3][4]1999年9月,NOAA研究与发展理事会赞同继续发展该仪器的波段数量即频率带宽。[5] 随着仪器的进一步完善,波段的数量从最初的10个逐渐增长至1999年12月的12个。[3]除了ABI成像仪之外,还一并开始了先进基线测深仪(ABS)的开发,它将成为下一代GOES系列卫星高光谱环境套件(HES)的一部分。 和ABI一样,HES的分辨率和空间覆盖范围也明显扩大。[6]最初的设想是2018年ABI将作为GOES系列推出的GOES-Q开始搭载。[7]

在2011年,NOAA计划将于2012年启动GOES-R系列并发射GOES-R卫星,其中ABI和ABS都是设计搭载的仪器。GOES-R和其系列卫星将向用户提供新的业务产品,提高气象预报的细节及准确性。[8]四年后,ABI的波段数增加至16个,覆盖范围包括可见光、近红外和红外线[9]在2006年9月,NOAA放弃了HES及GOES-R在内的计划,理由是NPOESS没有足够的测试和开发中的严重成本超支。[10]对于预期的62亿美元来说,到2006年成本已经超支114亿美元。[11]

建造

2008年12月,NASA和NOAA选定洛克希德·马丁航天系统为GOES-R及前两颗卫星的承包商,合同预计价值为10.9亿美元。[12] 初步设计于两年后完成[13] ,最终设计于2012年5月完成[14]。卫星建造平台外包给ATK公司,核心部件于2013年1月交付[15]。2013年5月,极端紫外线和X射线辐射传感器(EXIS)成为第一个安装就绪的Go-R仪器[16]。ABI于2014年2月完成一体化[17]。3个月后交付了航天器推进和系统模块,并完成最后的集成和测试阶段[18]。卫星其后被转移至肯尼迪航天中心并在2016年8月22日后进行更多实验并为发射做出准备[19]

航天器设计

GOES-16觀察之波段
波长 編號 簡稱 中心波長
(µm)
赤道帶
水平解析度 (km)
偵測範疇
可見光 1 V1 0.470 1 植被、氣膠、彩色圖像(藍)
2 VS 0.640 0.5 植被、低雲與、彩色圖像(紅)
近紅外線 3 N1 0.860 1 植被、氣膠
4 N2 1.380 2 卷云
5 N3 1.610 1 雪/冰识别,云相态
6 N4 2.260 2 雲密度半徑範圍
紅外線 7 I4 3.90 2 低雲族與霧、自然火災
8 WV 6.15 2 對流層高层水汽
9 W2 7.00 2 對流層中层水汽
10 W3 7.40 2 对流层低层水汽
11 MI 8.50 2 雲相判別、二氧化硫
12 O3 9.70 2 臭氧含量
13 IR 10.30 2 雲圖像、雲頂資訊
14 L2 11.20 2 雲圖像、海面溫度
15 I2 12.30 2 雲圖像、海面溫度
16 CO 13.30 2 雲頂高度

参考文献

  1. ^ GOES-R - Orbit. Heavens-Above. 1 March 2018 [4 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-04). 
  2. ^ Dunbar, Brian. Lynn, Jenner , 编. GOES Overview and History. GOES Satellite Network. NASA. 3 August 2017 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 CIMSS GOES Activities. Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 5 May 2011 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-27).  引用错误:带有name属性“CIMSSGooesActivities”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  4. ^ Schmit, Tim. Tim Schmit. NOAA Satellites and Information. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 14 March 2017 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-28). 
  5. ^ Schmit, Tim; Menzel, Paul. Spectral Band Selection for the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) (PPT) (报告). University of Wisconsin-Madison. September 1999 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-27). 
  6. ^ Schmit, Timothy J.; Li, Jun; Gurka, James. Introduction of the Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) on GOES-R and beyond (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Madison. November 2003 [2019-04-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-28). 
  7. ^ Schmit, Tim; Menzel, Paul; Woolf, Hal; Gunshor, Mat; Baum, Bryan; Sisko, Chris; Huang, Allen; Wade, Gary; Bachmeier, Scott; Gumley, Liam; Strabala, Kathy. Spectral Band Selection for the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) (PDF) (报告). University of Wisconsin-Madison. February 2000 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-18). 
  8. ^ GOES Users' Conference (PDF) (Conference Report). NASA. 22–24 May 2001 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-05-13). 
  9. ^ Schmit, Timothy J.; Gunshor, Mathew M.; Menzel, W. Paul; Gurka, James J.; Li, Jun; Bachmeier, A. Scott. Introducing the Next-Generation Advanced Baseline Imager on GOES-R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. August 2005, 86 (8): 1079–1096. Bibcode:2005BAMS...86.1079S. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-8-1079. 
  10. ^ Iannotta, Ben. NOAA Drops GOES-R Sensors. Space.com. 18 September 2006 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-14). 
  11. ^ Singer, Jeremy. NOAA Tells Congress GOES R Cost Nearly Double Previous Estimate. SpaceNews. 3 October 2006 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-16). 
  12. ^ Cole, Steve; O'Carroll, Cynthia; Leslie, John. NASA Selects NOAA Goes-R Series Spacecraft Contractor. NASA. 2 December 2008 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-27). 
  13. ^ Lockheed Martin Team Completes Goes-R Weather Satellite Preliminary Design Review. Lockheed Martin. 1 February 2011 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-14). 
  14. ^ Lockheed Martin Completes GOES-R Weather Satellite Critical Design Review. Lockheed Martin. 1 May 2012 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-13). 
  15. ^ Lockheed Martin Delivers GOES-R Weather Satellite Core Structure for Propulsion System Integration. Lockheed Martin. 7 January 2013 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-04). 
  16. ^ First GOES-R instrument ready to be installed onto spacecraft. NOAA. 2 May 2013 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-16). 
  17. ^ Exelis Delivers GOES-R Instrument to Lockheed. SpaceNews. 17 February 2014 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2019-10-16). 
  18. ^ GOES-R Weather Satellite Modules Delivered To Lockheed Martin. Lockheed Martin. 1 May 2014 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2016-06-03). 
  19. ^ NOAA's GOES-R Arrives at NASA Kennedy for Launch Processing. NASA. 23 August 2016 [10 April 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-18). 

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