食用鱼

配有柠檬和酱汁的烤非鲫薯条

食用鱼（英語：food fish）泛指可用於人类食用的鱼类，其提供的肉类食品统称鱼肉。自有歷史紀錄以来，鱼类一直是人类重要的蛋白质来源之一。另外因為含有大量不飽和脂肪酸，對於保持身體健康亦有相當大之助益。联合国粮农组织鱼类营养专家巧格尔认为，鱼产品并不只是鱼肉，鱼头、鱼骨以及内脏（下水）均蕴涵有丰富的铁、锌和钙等矿物质，如果一起食用可以增加了脂溶性维生素和微量元素的摄入量，但这些部位却经常被扔掉[1]。

美国渔业协会（NFI）公布的报告显示，虾、三文鱼、金枪鱼、罗非鱼、阿拉斯加鳕鱼、苏氏鲶鱼、真鳕鱼、蟹、鲶鱼类、蛤为2015年度美国十大消费最多的水产品[2]。

产业

主条目：海鲜、水产业、漁業和水產養殖
圓形圍養漁塭

根据联合国粮食及农业组织2011年公布的《世界渔业和水产养殖状况》，鱼类制品对全球膳食的贡献已经达到人均17公斤的纪录，为超过三十亿人提供其至少15%的动物蛋白摄入量。世界食用鱼和鱼制品产量从2007年的1.40亿吨提高到2009年的1.45亿吨[3]。2014年全球养殖鱼类的消费量首次超过了捕捞鱼类[1]。而世界银行、粮农组织和国际粮食政策研究所于2014年2月5日发表的《2030年渔业展望：渔业及水产养殖业前景》预测，2030年全球食用鱼消费量的62%将由水产养殖提供，其中供应量增长最快的将是罗非鱼、鲤鱼和鲶鱼[4]。据权威研究公司预测，2016年全球鱼类加工品市场价值将达到2220亿美元[5]。

分类

按脂肪含量多少，食用鱼可以分为白鱼类和油性鱼类。[6]

食用鱼的脂肪含量[7]
类别 名称（脂肪含量 g/100g）
油性鱼类 鳗鱼（24.5）、异鳞蛇鲭（23.2）、大西洋鲱（17.8）、黍鲱（16.6）、金枪鱼（15.5）、鲑鱼（13.6）、鲭鱼（11.9）、鲶鱼（11.3）
中性鱼类 鲷鱼（6.79）、欧鳊（5.49）、鳟鱼（2.73）、鯷魚（2.3）
白鱼类 黑线鳕（0.61）、大西洋鳕（0.69）、绿青鳕（0.91）、大菱鲆（1.73）、鲽鱼（1.9）
种类
类别 常见鱼类
淡水魚 鯉魚、鰱魚、黄鱔
海水魚 石斑類：青斑、東星斑；鯛類：黄腳鱲、黑鱲、波鱲；鰈類：左口魚、多寶魚、龍脷

营养价值

食用鱼能提供高质量的蛋白质，並同時包含多种维生素与矿物质。

不同类别食用鱼的营养比较
营养成分 白鱼类
黄线狭鳕[8] 		油性鱼类
大西洋鲱[9] 		图片
能量 (kcal) 111 203

比目鱼片（上部，白鱼类）与鲑鱼片（下部，油性鱼类）
蛋白质 (g) 23 23
脂肪 (g) 1 12
胆固醇 (mg) 86 77
维生素 B-12 (µg) 4 13
磷 (mg) 267 303
硒 (µg) 44 47
ω-3脂肪酸 (mg) 509 2014
鱼肉与其他肉类营养成分对比
(每110 克)
肉类 卡路里 蛋白质 淀粉质 脂肪
鱼肉 110–140 20–25 g 0 g 1–5 g
鸡胸肉 160 28 g 0 g 7 g
小羊肉 250 30 g 0 g 14 g
牛排 (牛后腿肉) 210 36 g 0 g 7 g
牛排 (牛脊骨肉) 450 25 g 0 g 35 g

烹饪

食用魚圖集

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 海新. 联合国粮农组织发布渔业报告称全球人均海产品消费量持续增长. 中国海洋在线. 中国海洋报. 2014-11-18 [2017-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-22）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ 美国2015渔业报告新鲜出炉，全美消费量最大的水产品Top10是哪些？. [2017-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-03）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  3. ^ 鱼品消费量达到历史最高水平 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）2011-01-31
  4. ^ 渔业展望报告：到2030年全球食用鱼近三分之二将由养殖场提供. [2017-02-22]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-23）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  5. ^ 2016年全球鱼类加工品市场份额预计将超2200亿美元 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）2016年6月17日
  6. ^ Fellows P and Hampton A (Eds.) (1992) Fish and fish products （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Chapter 11 in: Small-scale food processing - A guide for appropriate equipment Intermediate Technology Publications, FAO, Rome. ISBN 1 85339 108 5.
  7. ^ Deutschesee Fischmanufaktur.Fettgehalt der Fische im Überblick （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）Souci-Fachmann-Kraut, Nährwert-Tabellen, 7. Edition (2008)
  8. ^ United States Department of Agriculture. Nutrient data for 15067, Fish, pollock, walleye, cooked, dry heat. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. September 2011 [22 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-05）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  9. ^ United States Department of Agriculture. Nutrient data for 15040, Fish, herring, Atlantic, cooked, dry heat. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. September 2011 [22 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-08）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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