轄域

轄域(Scope)是現代邏輯學的概念,係指各種邏輯算子(如命題 連接詞、量詞、模態詞等)的作用範圍。

自然語言的轄域經常不明確,往往導致不同的解讀,這種情況稱為轄域歧義(scope ambiguity)。因轄域歧義造成的錯誤推論,即為轄域謬誤(Scope Fallacy)。

轄域歧義的例子

小女子中學

  • 寬域解讀:小(女子中學)
  • 窄域解讀:(小(女子))中學

轄域謬誤的例子

單身漢必然未婚(模態轄域謬誤)
  • 單身漢是必然未婚的。(大前提)
  • 小明是單身漢。(小前提)
  • 因此,小明是必然未婚的。(結論)

「單身漢是必然未婚的」有以下兩種解讀:

  • A1: (從實 (若x是單身漢,則x是必然未婚的)
  • A2: (從言 (必然地:若x是單身漢,則x是未婚的)

「小明是必然未婚的」亦有以下兩種解讀:

  • C1: (從實 (若x是小明,則x是必然未婚的)
  • C2: (從言 (必然地:若x是小明,則x是未婚的)

若將原句用完全一樣的方式解讀,可得到以下的有效論證:

  • A1: (若x是單身漢,則x是必然未婚的)
  • B1: (若x是小明,則x是單身漢)
  • C1: (若x是小明,則x是必然未婚的)

然而,自然語言習慣上會把第一句話解讀為 A2,第三句話解讀為 C1,因而得到不合理的推理。

有些人將此例稱作必然性謬誤英語:fallacy of necessity;拉丁語:fellacia necessitas)[1]

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