路口

俄羅斯莫斯科Tverskaya Zastava廣場的路口
菲律賓馬卡蒂阿亞拉大道與馬卡蒂大道交叉的路口

路口(英語:Intersection),即道路的平面交叉(英語:at-grade-intersection[1]at-grade junction),道路工程中又称为交叉口,是兩條或多條道路相交的交叉點[1]

路口在城市道路網中很常见。交通不繁忙的情况靠道路交通標誌提醒司机和行人自行避让。交通在繁忙的情况下则多有交通號誌控制。至於圓環則无须之,但不适用于流量大或车速高的情况。

分类

道路平面交叉按形状分为十字形(又称十字路口)、叉形、丁字形(又称T字路口)、丫字形、环形(即圓環)等。

十字形
叉形
丁字形
丫字形
环形

路口设施

路口通常允許轉彎,但多數會進行調節以避免干擾其他車輛。某些轉向可能不被允許或者受交通標誌交通燈限制,尤其是要穿過反向交通的。通常路口会有替代設計以試圖減少或消除此類潛在不便。[2]

有些路口設計可以更有效地管理轉向交通以增加安全性和吞吐量,例如密歇根路口英语Michigan left超級道路英语superstreet连续流交叉口英语continuous flow intersection[3]

轉彎車道

在轉彎交通流量較大的路口,可以設置轉彎車道(也稱為轉彎位)[4]。例如在下圖中所示靠右行駛的交叉路口就設有左轉車道。

轉彎車道允許車輛穿過迎面駛來的交通[註 1],或者在不通過路口的情況下離開道路[註 2]。 通常情況下,沒有轉彎車道並不表示禁止向該方向轉彎。這种情况通常是使用交通標誌交通燈管制[4][2]

轉彎車道可以大大增加十字路口的安全性和吞吐量[5]。 在農村地區,如果在兩個有停車管制的主幹道路口都設置了轉彎車道,撞車頻率最多可降低48%;而在信號管制的路口,撞車頻率可減少33%。而城市地區的結果則略低。[5]

轉彎車道上標有司機應向甚麼方向轉彎的箭頭。 若該車道可向多个方向轉彎則会使用多頭箭頭,指示車輛駕駛員可以沿箭頭指向的任何一個方向行駛。

交通號誌

轉彎車道的交通燈通常另帶有箭頭形的指示燈。綠色箭頭代表受保護的轉彎階段,此時車輛可以不受迎面駛來的交通阻礙地轉彎。也有交通燈設計是以綠燈加上紅色箭頭,表示禁止沿箭頭方向轉向,但允許司機駛向其餘的方向。[6]

雙向十字路口示意圖(靠右駕駛)。東西街道在兩個方向上都有左轉車道,但南北街道在此路口沒有左轉車道。西街的交通燈還帶有綠色的左轉箭頭,顯示何時可以進行左轉;例如現在由於東街開放给人行道,因此西街不會有對頭車,可不受阻礙的左轉。

人行设施

以行人保護時相而聞名的東京澀谷站前交叉口

路口通常需要同時管理行人以及車輛的交通。因此路口通常会添置行人輔助設備,包括行人穿越道人行立交行人天橋行人隧道),指揮行人的交通號誌[7][8]。路口的分隔带可以做為安全島,使每個方向的斑馬線可以單獨拆分,供行人暫避車輛,也可以為每條斑馬線單獨提供一個交通燈[9][7]

某些交叉路口會在一段時間內向所有方向顯示紅燈。這類的全向停車英语all-way stop稱為行人保護時相,可以使行人在任何方向(包括對角)安全地橫穿[10],例如東京澀谷路口就是其中一個較为著名使用行人保護時相的路口[11]

自行車道

理想的情況是,路口的道路上單獨設有寬度至少為2.5米的單車徑,並由混凝土跟道路分隔開,以保障自行車騎手的安全[12]

路牌

交差点名標示(“西参道口”交叉口)

日本,會在設置交通號誌的交叉口(日语:交差点)設置交叉口名(日语:交差点名)標示。交叉口名的正式名稱由各都道府縣公安委員會警察、道路管理者的三方協議決定。交叉口名標示的規格為白地、藍色外框、藍字,上方日文、下方英文表記。

參見

註解

  1. ^ 即在右側駕駛的國家向左轉彎,或在左側駕駛的國家向右轉彎
  2. ^ 即在右側駕駛的國家向右轉彎,或在左側駕駛的國家向左轉彎

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 交通大辞典编辑委员会. 交通大辞典 增补本. 上海: 上海科学技术文献出版社. 2008. ISBN 978-7-5439-3616-4 (中文(简体)). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Traffic Signals Brochure - How is it Determined if a Traffic Signal is Needed?. 馬里蘭州公路管理局英语Maryland State Highway Administration. [2019-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-14). 
  3. ^ Badger, Emily. Could These Crazy Intersections Make Us Safer?. The Atlantic Cities. Atlantic Media Company英语Atlantic Media Company. [2013-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-26). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Part 1 (PDF). 美國運輸部聯邦公路管理局英语Federal Highway Administration. 2009-12-11 [2011-11-28]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-10-15). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Safety Effectiveness of Intersection Left- and Right-Turn Lanes (PDF). 美國運輸部聯邦公路管理局英语Federal Highway Administration. [2019-09-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-12). 
  6. ^ New York State Driver's Manual. 紐約州機動車輛管理廳英语New York State Department of Motor Vehicles. [2018-12-06]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-30). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 What are Complete Streets?. 美國精明增長聯盟英语Smart Growth America. [2019-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-20). 
  8. ^ Pedestrian Infrastructure. 京士頓政府. [2019-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-24). 
  9. ^ 城市街道设计指南. 国家城市交通行政官员联合会英语National Association of City Transportation Officials. [2019-09-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-24). 
  10. ^ Where was the First Walk/Don't Walk Sign Installed? Addendum: The Barnes Dance. 美國運輸部聯邦公路管理局英语Federal Highway Administration. [2010-07-06]. (原始内容存档于2010-05-30). 
  11. ^ Murray Buechner, Maryanne. Tokyo: 10 Things To Do. Time: Travel. [2019-09-23]. (原始内容存档于2013-08-26). 
  12. ^ How wide is a Dutch cycle path?. Bicycle Dutch. [2018-12-06]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-23). 

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