超音波馬達

超音波馬達為一種利用機械振動摩擦力來產生推力致動器,當振動頻率超過20kHz(人體感應的界限)時,此種致動器即稱為超音波馬達。

發展歷史

在認識超音波馬達前,首先必須了解壓電效應,因為超音波馬達所需要的振動源即由具有壓電性的材料所提供。

壓電效應的發現

壓電效應(piezoelectric effect)是一種機械能與電能之間的互相轉移現象。1880年時,法國的皮埃尔·居里(Pierre Curie)和雅克·居里(Jacques Curie)兄弟在研究焦電現象(pyroelectric effect)與晶體對稱性關係的研究時,發現對某類晶體(非對稱晶格結構)施加機械壓力,可以在其表面上得到電荷,且電位量與其所施加的應力呈現正比關係,即正壓電效應(Direct Piezoelectric Effect)。

1881年,李普曼(Gabriel Lippmann)根據能量守恆電荷量守恆的原理,推測逆壓電效應(Converse Piezoelectric Effect)的存在;這一番說法,很快的就被Pierre Curie和Jacques Curie兄弟用實驗所證實。

壓電效應的應用發展

1917年,由於第一次世界大戰的關係,為了可以偵測水底的潛水艇,法國的保羅·藍杰文(Paul Langevin)開發了一個水下聲納裝置,此裝置即由壓電換能器產生聲源,這是壓電效應最早的實際應用。

直到1973年,壓電效應才被應用於馬達上。美國IBM公司的巴特(H.V. Barth)提出以兩個壓電振動源推動轉子的馬達,此為史上第一個超音波馬達。然而由於磨耗和溫升的問題,此馬達並無實際的商業應用。

第一個具有商業應用的超音波馬達發展於西元1982年,由日本的指田年生(Toshiiku Sashida)提出,此馬達改良摩耗上的問題,且首先應用於照相機自動對焦系统,此為目前使用超音波馬達最多的領域。

分類(依工作原理)

壓電馬達可分為半靜態馬達與超音波馬達兩種,它們皆以壓電元件作動,而半靜態馬達並不是以振動的方式推動動子。由於主題為超音波馬達,下面將只針對超音波馬達的作動方式進行介紹。

行波式超音波馬達

在說明行波式超音波馬達前,首先必須了解行波如何產生。簡單來說行波可藉由兩個駐波的結合產生,此兩個駐波於位置上相差四分之ㄧ個波長,於相位上相差九十度,兩個駐波疊合即可產生行波。

行波式超音波馬達也是用同樣的方法產生行波,我們可以看到圓環上的A、B兩端皆可產生駐波,而A、B間相差四分之ㄧ個波長,故只要A、B兩端再由相差九十度的電壓訊號驅動,即可於圓環表面產生行波,進而推動動子。

駐波式超音波馬達(僅單方向)

單方向的駐波式超音波馬達實現非常簡單,僅需使用一可做上下振動的超音波振動子,並使振動子與動子間傾斜一個角度,即可推動動子移動。也由於傾斜的關係,振動子頂端於接觸動子時會產生橢圓形的運動。

駐波式超音波馬達(雙方向、單一壓電元件)

僅使用單一壓電元件的駐波式超音波馬達是非常少見的,主要是因為其結構設計上較為困難,它在結構上必須是非對稱的,才可於不同頻率下產生不同的雙模態,每個雙模態皆控制一個運動方向,所以此馬達是藉由改變頻率來改變其運動方向。

駐波式超音波馬達(雙方向、兩個以上壓電元件)

此類型的駐波式超音波馬達是較為常見的,其為對稱的結構設計,這種馬達改變運動方向的方法不是透過改變頻率(改變振動模態)來達到,而是以改變壓電元件間的相位差來達到。由於此種超音波馬達的結構非常簡單,現已有實際產品於市面販售。

行波式超音波馬達與駐波式超音波馬達的比較

行波式與駐波式超音波馬達各有其優缺點。行波式的優點在於定子表面是產生行波與動子接觸,則其接觸點是會不斷交替的,如此將大大減少超音波馬達的磨耗問題,然而其也因為行波的緣故,定子上並無節點,所以定子較難固定,除此之外,行波式的馬達結構較為複雜且馬達效率較低都是其缺點。而駐波式的超音波馬達結構較為簡單,且效率較高,其最大的缺點是定子與動子間的接觸點是唯一的,容易產生磨耗上的問題。


應用

電調焦鏡片

電調焦鏡片是目前超音波馬達最大的應用領域,會使用超音波馬達的原因是在提供同樣的推力條件下,超音波馬達比電磁馬達所需要的體積還要小,且不會有背隙、頓轉扭矩的問題,而高精確性與低噪音也是其賣點。

月面機器人

月面機器人(Lunar robot)採用超音波馬達的原因則是看中其低耗能的優點,由於超音波馬達於靜止時具有很大的靜摩擦力,這使得馬達於不作動時,不需要耗費任何電力來使得旋轉接頭的部分固定不動。

經緯儀

經緯儀(Theodolite)是用於地表量測的機器,它需要長時間於室外進行工作,故如何延長其工作時間是非常重要的課題,這台經緯儀採用超音波馬達即是看中其低耗能的特點,使同樣的電池可以持續更久的時間。

醫療微型機器人

為了製作一個可以於血管中游動的醫療微型機器人(Medical microbot),極小的機器人體積即為其訴求,而機器人內一定必須裝有馬達,則超音波馬達小體積的特點即非常適合此應用。此馬達體積僅有0.75立方公厘,而帶動馬達的壓電材料僅有0.03立方公厘。

管內檢測機器人

小管線內部的檢測工作是很難直接派人進行檢測,主要就是因為管子太小,人難以進入。因此需要有裝置攝影機的管內檢測機器人(Pipe inspection robot)進入管內幫助檢測,而為了掌握管子內部的所有情況,則此攝影機必須可對不同的角度去進行攝影,因此需要馬達。由於機器人本身體積小,所以採用超音波馬達較為合適。

參考文獻

  • K. Spanner, “Survey of the various operating principles of ultrasonic piezomotors,” in Actuator, 2006.
  • K. Uchino, S. Cagatay, B. Koc, S. Dong, P. Bouchilloux and M. Strauss (2004). Micro Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Motors . J. Electroceramics, vol. 13, num. 1-3, pp. 393–401.
  • T. Sashida, “Trial construction and operation of an ultrasonic vibration driven motor,” Jpn. J. Appl Phy., vol. 51, p. 713, 1982.
  • J. Friend, J. Satonobu, K. Nakamura, S. Ueha, and D. Stutts, “A single-element piezoelectric tuning fork linear actuator,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr., vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179–186, 2003.
  • V. Vishnevsky, L. Gultiaeva, I. Kartaschew, V. Lavrinenko, Piezoelectric Motor. Russian Patent CCCP No. 851560, 1976–1981.
  • T.Kubota, Y.Kunii, Y.Kuroda, T.Yoshimitsu, T.Okada, M.Kato , Lunar Robotics Exploration by Cooperation with Lander and Micro Rovers , 6th IAA Int. Conf. on Low-Cost Planetary Missions, pp.189-194, 2005.
  • B Watson, J Friend, L Yeo, M Sitti. Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Resonant Micromotor With a Volume of Less than 1 mm3 for Use in Medical Microbots. Proc IEEE Conf Robotics Automation, Kobe, Japan, pp 2225–2230 (2009).
  • M. Hoshina, T. Mashimo, S. Toyama, "Development of Spherical Ultrasonic Motor as a Camera Actuator for Pipe Inspection Robot," 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS2009), St. Louis, pp. 2379-2384, 2009.

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