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自同构

數學上,自同構(automorphism)是從一個数学对象到自身的同構,可以看為這對象的一個對稱,將這對象映射到自身而保持其全部結構的一個途徑。一個對象的所有自同構的集合是一個,稱為自同構群,大致而言,是這對象的對稱群

定義

自同構的精確定義,依賴於「數學物件」的種類,及這對象的「同構」的準確界定。可以定義這些概念的最一般情形,是在數學的一個抽象分支,稱為範疇論。範疇論是研究抽象對象和這些對象間的態射

在範疇論中,自同構是一個自同態(即是一個對象到自身的一個態射)而同時為(範疇論所定義的)同構

這是一個很抽象的定義,因為範疇論中,態射不一定是函數,對象不一定是集合。不過在更具象的情形中,對象會是有附加結構的集合,而態射會是保持這種結構的函數。

例如在抽象代數中,一個數學物件代數結構,如向量空間等。一個同構就是雙射同態(同態按代數結構而定, 例如群同態環同態線性算子)。

恆等態射(恆等映射)在某些情況稱為平凡自同構。相對地,其他(非恆等)自同構稱為非平凡自同構

自同構群

如果一個對象X的自同構組成一集合(而不是一個真)那麼這些自同構以態射複合運算組成一個群。這個群稱為X自同構群。可以直接檢查這的確是一個群:

  • 閉合性:兩個自同態的複合是另一個自同態。
  • 結合性:態射複合一定有結合性。
  • 單位元素:單位元素是一個對象到自身的恆等映射,按定義一定存在。
  • 逆元素:任一同構按定義都有一個也是同構的逆映射,由於這逆映射也是同一對象的自同態,所以是自同構。

在一個範疇C中的一個對象X的自同構群,記為AutC(X),如果內文明顯看出該範疇,可簡記為Aut(X)。

例子

歷史

群自同構的一個最早期的例子,是愛爾蘭數學家威廉·哈密頓在1856年給出。在他的Icosian calculus英语Icosian calculus中,他發現了一個2階的自同構,[4] 寫道:

使得是新的五次單位根,與之前的五次單位根以完美互反性的關係相關聯。[5]

內自同構和外自同構

有一些範疇,特別是李代數,其中的自同構可以分為兩種,稱為「內」自同構和「外」自同構。

對群而言,內自同構就是群本身的元素的共軛作用。對一個群G的每個元素a,以a共軛是一個運算φa : GG,定義為φa(g) = aga−1(或a−1ga;用法各異)。易知以a共軛是一個群自同構。內自同構組成 Aut(G)的一個正規子群,記作Inn(G)。

其他的自同構稱為外自同構商群Aut(G) / Inn(G)通常記為Out(G);非平凡元素是包含外自同構的陪集

在任何有幺元的環或代數中的可逆元a,可以同樣定義內自同構。對於李代數,定義有少許不同。

另見

參考文獻

  1. ^ PJ Pahl, R Damrath. §7.5.5 Automorphisms. Mathematical foundations of computational engineering Felix Pahl translation. Springer. 2001: 376. ISBN 3-540-67995-2. 
  2. ^ Yale, Paul B. Automorphisms of the Complex Numbers (PDF). Mathematics Magazine. May 1966, 39 (3): 135–141 [2015-08-20]. JSTOR 2689301. doi:10.2307/2689301. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-11-08). 
  3. ^ Lounesto, Pertti, Clifford Algebras and Spinors 2nd, Cambridge University Press: 22–23, 2001, ISBN 0-521-00551-5 
  4. ^ Sir William Rowan Hamilton. Memorandum respecting a new System of Roots of Unity (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 1856, 12: 446 [2015-08-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04). 
  5. ^ 原文為"so that is a new fifth root of unity, connected with the former fifth root by relations of perfect reciprocity."

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