银行业危机最初始于对铁路的过度投资。19世纪美国铁路业发展迅速,许多项目的早期投资者都获得了高额的回报。随着淘金时代的来临,对铁路的高投资率仍然在加剧,但是新项目的需求显然已经超过了对产能的需求,因此铁路投资的回报率开始急剧下降。到了1873年5月-9月,奥地利维也纳股市崩盘,促使欧洲的投资者撤回了所有对美国证券(尤其是铁路债券)的持有量。随着欧洲人的撤资压低了市场,降低了股票和债券的价值,并导致铁路公司融资遇到了困难,没有现金来支付运营和再融资,许多铁路公司因此破产,这场危机迫使著名的商业银行Jay Cooke and CO破产。在全国范围内至少有100多家银行破产。1893年的银行业危机是美国历史上最严重的危机之一,危机始于美国国内银行业。[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]
信托公司发生的“恐慌性危机”预示着整个金融系统恐慌危机的开始。在危机开始阶段,公众试图提高持有更多比例的流动资产作为补充而不是作为存款,从而迫使中介等机构之间发生“信贷紧缩”。1907年的恐慌性危机发生促使联邦政府之后建立了美联储体系,联邦存款保险公司或者证券交易委员会,这些机构旨在为银行和金融市场带来稳定性。在这些机构出现之前,《国家银行法(英语:National Bank Act)》规定指导银行的日常管理包括监管,特别是规模大的联系最紧密的银行。然而,该法案并没有对一旦出现恐慌性危机导致大规模存款被提取提供任何指导建议。因此加大对早期的危机研究可以有效的洞悉金融危机的原理,以便可以预防和避免危机。[27]
RBOC由财政部长威廉·吉布斯·麦卡杜(William G. McAdoo),农业部长大卫·休斯顿(David F. Houston),货币主计长约翰·斯凯尔顿·威廉姆斯(John Skelton Williams)组成。RBOC负责划定8-12个城市为美联储银行所在城市,并划定边界。每个地区包含一个储备银行。此外每个地区边界都需要考虑到该地区的交通便利性和所惯有的商业经营模式。
第二个问题涉及分支银行。从1863年-1927年,根据联邦政府授予的公司章程规定经营类银行(国家银行)必须在单独的建筑物内经营。在某些州,根据州政府授予的公司章程经营的银行(州银行)可以在多个分支机构外经营。有关分支机构的法律因各州的而定。《麦克法登法案》准许国家银行在各州政府准许的州范围内经营分支机构。例如在禁止开设银行分支机构业务的州,因此国家银行无法开设分支机构。货币主计长亨利·道斯(Henry M. Dawes)提议影响了《麦克法登法案》。因为该法案关于银行分支机构的条款备受争议,反对银行分支机构的民粹主义者抱怨说,该法律赋予银行家太多的权利了,已经伤害到了当地社区,金融改革者声称该法律还不够完善,妨碍了银行采取安全,高效,现代的做法。这场争论持续了数十年,直到1980年-1990年改革准许金融机构在美国各地开设分支机构。[81]
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^Rodgers Mary Tone; Berry K. Wilson. Systemic Risk, Missing Gold Flows, and the Panic of 1907. Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics. (Summer 2011), no. 2 (14): 158-87.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助); 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
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^Taus, Esther R. Central Banking Functions of the United States Treasury: 1789-1941. New York: Columbia University Press. 1943.
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^Glass, Carter. Mr. Warburg and the Bank: A Reply to Prof. Seligman on the Paternity of the Federal Reserve. New York Times. February 15, 1927, p. 24.
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^Untermyer Assails Glass on Bank Act: Calls His History of Federal Reserve Fiction and Its Author Credulous. Claims Glory for Owen. Wilson, McAdoo and Bryan also Entitled to Credit. New York Times. June 20, 1927, p. 4.
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Secrets of the Federal Reserve by Eustace Mullins(Makes arguments about the New World Order owning stock in the Fed, when it is banks that actually own the stock as mentioned above)
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