繫詞

繫詞(英語:copula、複數為copulascopulae、英文簡稱cop),又譯為系动词联系动词,在語言學為表示用於與謂詞主語補語)鏈接句子主詞的字詞,比如在句子「The sky is blue.」的單詞「is」 。繫詞源於拉丁語名詞為「鏈接(link)」或「結合(tie)」兩件不同「事(thing)」之功能語詞。[1]

繫詞往往是動詞或「類動詞」(verb-like)的字詞,雖然這不是普遍的情況。[2]動詞如為繫詞有時稱為「繫辭」(copulative)或「連繫動詞」(copular verb)。在英語初等教育语法教學的課程,一個繫動詞通常稱為「連繫動詞」(linking verb)。在其他語言中,繫動詞表現出更多相似於代詞之處,如古典漢語文言文瓜拉尼語。或表现为名詞後綴的形式,比如在貝哈語(Beja language)、凯特语,和爱斯基摩-阿留申语系裡的應用。

大多數語言都有一個主繫詞(雖然有些像西班牙語葡萄牙語,及泰語等語言有多個繫詞或者沒有繫詞)。在英語、繫詞是動詞<to be>。而這術語“繫詞”(繫動詞)一般是用來說明像“聯繫”這樣的主要涵義,它也可以广义地包含其他动词,例如英語的“成為”(become)、“得到”(get)、“感覺”(feel)等(這些用法也可稱為「半繫詞」(semi-copulas)或「準繫詞」(pseudo-copulas))。

特定的語言的繫詞

英語

英语的繫動詞be有八种形式(超过任何其他英语动词):be, am, is, are, being, was, were, been。其他古代形式包括weren, art, wast, wert有时用beest(作为虚拟语气)。更多细节参见英語動詞。对于各种形式的词源,见印歐語繫詞

上文中描述了英语繫詞的主要用途。在零繫詞下提到繫詞省略的可能性。

英语中有一个特殊用法(特别是在演讲中),就是只需要一个繫詞的地方但两个繫詞连续出现,比如My point is, is that...。这种结构的可接受性是英语语法中的一个争议。

简单的英语系词“be”有时可以用具有接近相同含义的其他动词替代;

日語

20世纪中叶的日语繫詞

日语繫詞(在国文法中认为是助动词(助動詞 jodōshi)的一部分)最常翻译为英语的「be」动词。

日语繫詞有许多形式。「だ」「です」两个词用于判断句,而「な」「で」是在句子中用于修饰或连接的助词。

有繫詞的日语句子通常是在给一个事物与另一个事物画等号,也就是说,形式如同“A是B”。例子:

私は学生だ。 Watashi wa gakusei da. “我是学生。” (lit., I TOPIC student COPULA)
これはペンです。 Kore wa pen desu. “这是钢笔。” (lit., this TOPIC pen COPULA-POLITE)

「だ」「です」的区别很简单。「です」「だ」更正式而尊敬。因此,许多句子如下面的句子在意义上几乎是相同的,它们的不同点在于说话者对听者的尊敬,以及他们对陈述的肯定程度上的细微差异。但「です」永远不会在句子结尾之前,「だ」仅用于描述从句。

あれはホテルだ。 Are wa hoteru da. 「That's a hotel.」 (lit., that TOPIC hotel COPULA)
あれはホテルです。 Are wa hoteru desu. 「That is a hotel.」 (lit., that TOPIC hotel COPULA-POLITE)

日语中可以用繫詞或动词来形成判断句。但是,「です」不是所有时候都是谓语。在某些情况下,它的唯一作用是让用静态动词作谓语的句子更有礼貌。不过,「だ」总是充当谓语,因此它不能与静态动词结合,因为句子只需要一个谓语。参见下面的例子。

このビールはおいしい。 Kono bīru wa oishii. “这瓶啤酒很好喝。” (lit., this beer TOPIC be-tasty)
このビールはおいしいです。 Kono bīru wa oishii desu. “这瓶啤酒很好喝。” (lit., this beer TOPIC be-tasty POLITE)
*このビールはおいしいだ。 *Kono bīru wa oishii da. 这是不正确的,因为「だ」只能用作谓语。

「です」的起源有若干理論;其中一論是说它是「であります」 de arimasu「である」 de aru的礼貌形式)。一般来说,这两种形式只用于写作和更正式的情况。另一种形式「でございます」 de gozaimasu「であります」更正式,其词源是「でござる」 de gozaru接续敬语语尾「-ます」 -masu,也在一些情况下使用,非常有礼貌。注意有人[谁?]认为「である」「でござる」是助词「で」 de与存在动词「ある」「ござる」结合而成的。「です」 desu口语可能会读成「っす」 ssu。繫詞在日本各地受到方言变化的影响,形成诸如关西 ya广岛じゃ ja(见右图)。

日语还有两个对应于英语“to be”的动词「ある」「いる」。它们不是繫詞而是存在动词。「ある」用于无生命物体,包括植物,而「いる」用于有生命物体,如人、动物和机器人,但也有例外情况。

本はテーブルにある。 Hon wa tēburu ni aru. “书在桌子上。”
小林さんはここにいる。 Kobayashi-san wa koko ni iru. “小林在这里。”

日本人在学英语时常把助动词「be」或「do」丢掉,误认为「be」与「です」「だ」一样语义是空繫詞。[3]

汉语

汉语中,状态和品质一般用静态动词(如官话中的累、饿、在、笨等等)表示,不需要繫詞连接。句子可以简单地由代词和这样的动词组成:例如“我饿”。然而通常,表达品质的动词由副词(“非常”、“不”、“相当”等)来修饰;当没有其他修饰时,它们通常跟在“很”(意思是“非常”)的后面,但在这种用法中通常没有具体的意思。参见汉语语法

只有名词作为补语的句子(例如“这是我的妹妹”)使用繫動詞“是”。这经常用到:例如,不常说“是中国的”,常用的表达是“是中国人”(我是中国人,「I am a Chinese person」)。这里的“是”是等格英语equative动词。另一种可能性是补语只是一个名词修饰语(以“的”字结尾),名词省略:我的汽车是红色的(即“我的汽车是红色的汽车”)。

汉朝以前,“是”用作指示代词,意思是“这”(这种用法在一些成语和谚语以及日语中保留下来)。一些语言学界认为“是”之所以发展成为繫動詞是因为其在句子的主语之后,经常作为重复主语出现(在文言文中,我们可以说“乔治·W·布什,美国之总统”,直译是“乔治·W·布什这个美国总统”,也就表明了“乔治·W·布什美国总统”)。[4] “是”这个字是由两个字结合而成的[5]

现代汉语中“是”可以和“的”字连用,表示应承或同意,例如问:你的汽车是不是红色的? 答:是的。意思是“就是红色的”,或者回答“不是”,意思是“不是红色的”。(当然也可以回答“对”或“不对”。)“是”还有种用法是“是……的”结构,用来强调句子的特定成分;参见汉语语法→分裂句

泉漳闽语中“是()”用作繫詞,与吴语中的“是”/z/相同。粤语用“係 (/hɐi˨/)”而不用“是”;同样,客家话也用“係(he55)”。

參見

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ See the appendix to Moro 1997 and the references cited there for a short history of the copula.
  2. ^ Pustet, Regina. Copulas: Universals in the Categorization of the Lexicon. Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-19-928180-7. 
  3. ^ Sayuri Kusutani. The English Copula Be: Japanese Learners’ Confusion (PDF). TESL Working Paper Series. Fall 2006, 4 (2). (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-12-12) (英语). 
  4. ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver: UBC Press. 1995. ISBN 0-7748-0541-2. [页码请求]
  5. ^ 漢語多功能詞庫, [2020-09-16], (原始内容存档于2020-06-22) (中文(香港)) :“字形本義不明,「是」字很早就被借用為虛詞。後期金文或從「日」從「正」,小篆承之。”

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