澳大利亚原住民语言

语言分布图，不同颜色代表不同语族。从西到东排序：
  Nyulnyulan
  Bunuban
  Worrorran
  Jarrakan
  Yirram
  Daly
  Laragiya
  Tiwi
  Limilngan
  Umbugarla
  Giimbiyu
  Iwaidjan
  Gunwinyguan
  West Barkly
  Garawa(包含部分Tangkic和Pama–Nyungan语言)
  帕馬-恩永甘語系(包含部分Tangkic语言)

澳大利亞原住民语言（Australian Aboriginal languages）包括在澳大利亞大陸和周边岛屿（不过一般不包括塔斯马尼亚岛）使用的语言，可以分为数个语系和一些孤立语言，其中最著名的是帕马-恩永甘语系。在欧洲殖民者到来之前，澳大利亚曾是世界上语言最多样的地区之一，拥有大约250种不同的語言。

目前，澳大利亞原住民语言的数目已经减少到大约150，并且绝大多数语言还是处于高度濒危状态。在今存的语种中，只有大约10%仍在学校中教授，并且这些语言大多使用在一些生活较孤立的地区。一些语言如塔斯马尼亚语系语言已经完全灭亡。

截至2019年4月，只剩13种还没被列为“高度濒危”语言。这一事实总是被人们忽略。[1]

澳大利亞原住民语言形成一个语言区域，享有众多共同词汇和独特的语音特征。典型的澳大利亞原住民语言只含有三个元音，一般为[a, i, u]（可能有长短音的区别）。清浊音的区别很少见，而且擦音也极为罕见。

很多澳大利亞原住民语言为作通格語言。

參考文獻

  • Dalby, Andrew. Dictionary of Languages. Bloomsbury Publishing plc. 1998: 43. ISBN 0-7475-3117-X. 
  • Dixon, R.M.W. 1989. Searching for Aboriginal Languages. University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0-226-15430-0
  • Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development.
  • Evans, Nicholas (ed.). 2003. The non-Pama–Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  • McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
  • O'Grady, Geoff; Ken Hale. 2004. The Coherence and Distinctiveness of the Pama–Nyungan Language Family within the Australian Linguistic Phylum. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch, eds., Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. John Benjamins Pub. Co.
  • UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved 8/6/10)
  • Walsh, Michael. 1991. Overview of indigenous languages of Australia. In Suzane Romaine (ed), Language in Australia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33983-9
  • Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, "Aboriginal languages deserve revival", The Australian Higher Education, 26 August 2009.

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ 亚历克斯·罗林斯 （Alex Rawlings）. 澳洲原住民母语要如何起死回生. BBC英倫網. 2019年4月23日 [2020年6月5日]. （原始内容存档于2019年4月24日）. 

外部連結

Read other articles:

Jo Dong-hyuk

Dalam artikel ini, nama keluarganya adalah Jo. Jo Dong-hyukLahir11 Desember 1977 (umur 45)Korea SelatanPendidikanUniversitas Myongji - Pendidikan Fisik Sosial (berhenti)PekerjaanAktorTahun aktif2002-sekarangAgenJina EntertainmentNama KoreaHangul조동혁 Hanja趙東赫 Alih AksaraJo Dong-hyeokMcCune–ReischauerCho Tong-hyŏk Jo Dong-hyuk (lahir 11 Desember 1977) adalah aktor asal Korea Selatan. Ia memulai debut akting dalam Make It Big (2002), diikuti oleh film erotis Hypnotized (2...

 

Big Brother (Slovenian season 4)

Season of television series Big BrotherSeason 4Presented byManja PlešnarNo. of days104No. of housemates23WinnerMirela LapanovićRunner-upKlemen Podvržen Country of originSloveniaReleaseOriginal networkKanal AOriginal release26 February (2016-02-26) –9 June 2016 (2016-06-09)Season chronology← PreviousBig Brother 3 Big Brother Slovenija 2016 is the fourth main season of the Slovenian version of Big Brother, which is broadcast on Kanal A. This season launched on Friday ...

 

منتخب الإمارات العربية المتحدة لكرة القدم

منتخب الإمارات لكرة القدم منتخب الإمارات العربية المتحدة لكرة القدم معلومات عامة بلد الرياضة  الإمارات العربية المتحدة الفئة كرة القدم للرجال  رمز الفيفا UAE  تاريخ التأسيس 1972  الاتحاد اتحاد الإمارات العربية المتحدة لكرة القدم كونفدرالية الاتحاد الآسيوي لكرة الق

Lust for Life (film)

Untuk album karya Iggy Pop (bukan soundtrack film), lihat Lust for Life (album). Lust for LifeBerkas:Lust for Life DVD cover.PNGSampul DVD Lust for LifeSutradaraVincente MinnelliGeorge Cukor (tak disebutkan - menaungi satu kali pengambilan gambar ulang)Produser John Houseman Ditulis olehIrving Stone (novel)Norman CorwinPemeranKirk DouglasAnthony QuinnJames DonaldPenata musikMiklós RózsaSinematograferRussell HarlanPenyuntingAdrienne FazanDistributorMetro-Goldwyn-MayerTanggal rilis17 Se...

 

Liste von Synagogen in Bosnien und Herzegowina

Die Liste von Synagogen in Bosnien und Herzegowina enthält ehemalige und bestehende Synagogen im heutigen Bosnien und Herzegowina. Bei dem Erbauungsjahr ist das Jahr der Fertigstellung angegeben. Bei dem Erbauungsjahr ist das Jahr der Fertigstellung angegeben; bei den kursiv dargestellten Jahreszahlen handelt es sich um ungefähre Werte. Navigation: B S T V Stadt Name Zuordnung Erbaut Zerstört Bemerkung Bild Banja Luka Synagoge aschkenasisch 1884 1940er Jahre im Zweiten Weltkrieg Samme...

 

Henry II, Duke of Austria

Margrave/Duke of Austria Henry II JasomirgottEffigy on Henry's sealMargrave/Duke of AustriaReign1141–1177PredecessorLeopold the GenerousSuccessorLeopold VDuke of BavariaReign1141–1156PredecessorLeopoldSuccessorHenry the LionBorn1107Died13 January 1177(1177-01-13) (aged 69–70)Vienna, AustriaBurialSchottenstift, ViennaSpouseGertrude of SüpplingenburgTheodora ComnenaIssueAgnes, Queen of HungaryLeopold V, Duke of AustriaHenry I, Duke of MödlingHouseHouse of BabenbergFatherLeopold III...

استعمار استيطاني

الاستعمار الاستيطاني هو الاستيلاء على الأرض واستغلال سكانها واقتلاعهم من أراضهم وديارهم بالإبادة أو التهجير، فهو يحول البلاد التي يستعمرها إلى أرض جديدة ليمارس السيطرة المطلقة عليها من خلال المستوطنيين. فالاستيطان هو أن يقوم مستعمِرون باستيطان أرض خارج حدود دولتهم بتأيي

 

درع (بني ضبيان)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع درع (توضيح). قرية درع  - قرية -  تقسيم إداري البلد  اليمن المحافظة محافظة صنعاء المديرية مديرية بني ضبيان العزلة عزلة بني ضبيان السكان التعداد السكاني 2004 السكان 226   • الذكور 120   • الإناث 106   • عدد الأسر 35   • عدد المساكن 36 معلوما...

 

Alexander De Croo

Yang MuliaAlexander De CrooDe Croo pada tahun 2017Perdana Menteri Belgia ke-53PetahanaMulai menjabat 1 Oktober 2020Penguasa monarkiPhilippeWakilVincent Van PeteghemGeorges GilkinetPetra De SutterSophie WilmèsVincent Van QuickenbornePierre-Yves DermagneFrank VandenbrouckePendahuluSophie WilmèsMenteri KeuanganMasa jabatan9 Desember 2018 – 1 Oktober 2020Perdana MenteriCharles MichelSophie WilmèsPendahuluJohan Van OvertveldtPenggantiVincent Van PeteghemDeputi Perdana Menteri Bel...

Liverpool City Council

Local government body in England For the local government area of New South Wales known as Liverpool City Council, see City of Liverpool (New South Wales). Liverpool City CouncilTypeTypeMetropolitan district council of LiverpoolLeadershipLord Mayor of LiverpoolMary Rasmussen, Labour since 17 May 2023 Leader of the CouncilLiam Robinson, Labour[2] since 4 May 2023 Deputy LeadersRuth Bennett, Labour Dan Barrington, Labour[1] since 4 May 2023 Leader of the OppositionCarl C...

 

Grand Princess

Cruise ship owned by Princess Cruises For the royal title, see Grand princess. Grand Princess Grand Princess docked in Ketchikan, Alaska in 2023 History Bermuda NameGrand Princess Owner P&O Princess Cruises (1998–2003) Carnival Corporation & plc (2003–present) OperatorPrincess Cruises Port of registry Monrovia,  Liberia (1998–2000) Hamilton,  Bermuda (2000–present) Ordered8 February 1994 Builder Fincantieri Monfalcone, Italy CostUS$450 million Yard number5956 Launche...

 

XHEPT-FM

Radio station in Misantla, Veracruz XHEPT-FMMisantla, VeracruzFrequency99.1 FMBrandingKe BuenaProgrammingFormatGruperaAffiliationsTelevisa RadioOwnershipOwnerGrupo MS Multimedios(Radio XEPT, S.A.)HistoryFirst air dateOctober 31, 1964 (concession)Technical informationERP35 kW[1]HAAT-177.32 metersTransmitter coordinates19°56′02″N 96°50′24″W / 19.93389°N 96.84000°W / 19.93389; -96.84000LinksWebsitewww.misantlafm.com XHEPT-FM is a radio station on 99.1 ...

Croatian Home Guard (World War II)

Croatian Home GuardHrvatsko domobranstvoCroatian TrefoilActive1941–1944Country Independent State of CroatiaBranchArmyAir ForceNavyGendarmerieSize143,000 (1943)70,000 (1944)ColorsRed, white and blackEngagementsWorld War II in YugoslaviaCommandersCommander-in-chief Ante PavelićMinister of Armed Forces Slavko KvaternikNotablecommandersSlavko KvaternikViktor PavičićVladimir LaxaFedor DragojlovSlavko ŠtancerAnte VokićMilitary unit The Croatian Home Guard (Croatian: Hrvatsko domobranstv...

 

Tetschener Altar

Tetschener Altar (Kreuz im Gebirge) Caspar David Friedrich, 1807/08 Öl auf Leinwand 115 × 110,5 cm Galerie Neue Meister im AlbertinumStaatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden Vorlage:Infobox Gemälde/Wartung/Museum Tetschener Altar, auch Das Kreuz im Gebirge, ist ein 1807/1808 entstandenes Gemälde von Caspar David Friedrich. Das Bild in Öl auf Leinwand im Format 115,0 cm × 110,5 cm (oben abgerundet) befindet sich in der Galerie Neue Meister der Staatlic...

 

Rio das Antas

Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Santa Catarina è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Rio das Antascomune Rio das Antas – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Brasile Stato federato Santa Catarina MesoregioneOeste Catarinense MicroregioneJoaçaba AmministrazioneSindacoAlcir José Bodanese TerritorioCoordinate26°53′58″S 51°04′30″W / 26.899444°S 51.075°W-26.899444; -51.075 (Rio das Antas)Coordinate: ...

Niccolò Paganini

Italian violinist and composer (1782–1840) Paganini redirects here. For other uses, see Paganini (disambiguation). Paganini in 1836 by John Whittle Niccolò (or Nicolò) Paganini (Italian: [ni(k)koˈlɔ ppaɡaˈniːni] ⓘ; 27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian violinist and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1 are among the be...

 

Principles of Compiler Design

Book by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman Principles of Compiler Design AuthorAlfred V. Aho, and Jeffrey D. UllmanLanguageEnglishPublisherAddison-WesleyPublication date1977Pages614ISBN0-201-00022-9 Principles of Compiler Design, by Alfred Aho and Jeffrey Ullman, is a classic textbook on compilers for computer programming languages. Both of the authors won the 2020 Turing award for their work on compilers. It is often called the green dragon book[1] and its cover depicts a knight and a dra...

 

GURPS Monsters

GURPS MonstersGURPS Monsters coverDesignersHunter JohnsonPublishersSteve Jackson GamesPublicationMarch 1, 2002GenresHorrorSystemsGURPS GURPS Monsters (ISBN 1-55634-518-6) is a 128-page soft-bound book compiled by J. Hunter Johnson and published in 2002 by Steve Jackson Games as a supplement for the GURPS role-playing game system. It contains biographies and gaming statistics for forty-eight monsters for various campaign settings. Contents A Mythological Menagerie Amenhotep the Mummy, an ...

Nabinkali Devi

This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (September 2023) Nabinkali Devi was an Indian writer in Bengali language and sex worker known for her erotic poem titled Kaminikalanka (1886).[1][2] A review of the book appeared in the magazine Hindoo Patriot to which the Indian Mirror responded with criticism of Devi.[3] Works Debi, Nabinkali (1886). Kamini Kal...

 

Peter (Fringe episode)

16th episode of the 2nd season of Fringe PeterFringe episodeThe retro title sequence used in the episode featured the Asimov font as well as an '80s rendition of the theme songEpisode no.Season 2Episode 16Directed byDavid StraitonStory byJ. H. WymanJeff PinknerAkiva GoldsmanJosh SingerTeleplay byJeff PinknerJ. H. WymanJosh SingerProduction code3X5115Original air dateApril 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)Guest appearances Jenni Blong as Dr. Carla Warren Orla Brady as Elizabeth Bishop Q...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!