1934年,第一次有澳洲原住民將案件上訴到澳洲高等法院,并且贏得官司:法院裁定當事人達基丫(Dhakiyarr)被錯誤定罪謀殺白人警察並判死刑。此案將全國的注意力聚焦到土著權問題上。達基丫獲釋放之後就消失了。[59][60]1938年,英國第一艦隊到來的150周年紀念在悉尼的一次土著會議上被作爲“哀悼及抗議日(英语:Day of Mourning (Australia))”進行紀念。此後澳洲各地土著抗議者及其支持者也將此日稱爲“入侵日”或“幸存日”。[61]
第二次世界大戰中有數百名原住民加入澳洲軍隊,其中包括爲了在澳洲北部防禦日軍侵略威脅而建立的托雷斯海峽輕步兵營(Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion)以及北領地特別偵察部隊(Northern Territory Special Reconnaissance Unit)。[62]但是,這些原住民軍人復員後大多被拒絕享受撫卹金及分地待遇,衹有維多利亞州根據逐個審查決定原住民軍人的待遇。[a]
非原著澳洲人與澳洲原著民之間的和解(Reconciliation)在20世紀晚期成爲了澳洲的重要政治議題。1991年,聯邦政府設立了土著和解理事會(英语:Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation),以促成和解。1998年,澳洲召開憲政大會討論付諸公投的共和模式,但大會衹有六名原住民代表,因此著名保皇派原住民代表納威爾·博納憤而辭職並誦讀其嘉格拉(Jagera)部落的“悲傷誦”。大會選擇的共和模式,連同在憲法中加入對土著及托雷斯島人“致敬”的前言的提議,在1999年付諸公投但都未通過。[76]1999年,澳洲國會通過了由總理約翰·霍華德徵求土著參議員亞登·李奇威(英语:Aden Ridgeway)意見起草的“和解動議”(Motion of Reconciliation),其中指出對澳洲原住民的虐待是“我們國家歷史上最骯髒的一節”,但霍華德拒絕做出正式的道歉。[77]2001年,聯邦政府題獻坎培拉的和解廣場(英语:Reconciliation Place)。2008年2月13日,總理陸克文推翻了霍華德的決定,代表澳洲政府向失竊的一代人士道歉。2010年,聯邦政府任命了以原住民領袖、法律專家和議員(包括肯·懷耶特)組成的小組,咨詢如何在聯邦憲法中對土著和托雷斯海峽島民做出承認。2012年1月小組提出的建議[78]包括刪除提到種族的憲法條文(包括第25條(依據種族剝奪投票權)和第51條26款(針對特定種族的立法權)),並加入關於實質承認以及增强保護免受歧視的條文。[79]此後,關於在憲法中承認原住民澳洲人的公投議案在最終在2013年被放棄。
^Indigenous people across Australia and other settler societies - Canada, New Zealand and South Africa - did not gain equal access to their repatriation benefits and military wages. In contrast to other Australian states, Aboriginal authorities in Victoria did not systematically deny Aboriginal people military allotments and pensions, but judged each case on its 'merits'.[63]
^Rasmussen, M.; Guo, X.; Wang, Y.; Lohmueller, K. E.; Rasmussen, S.; Albrechtsen, A.; Skotte, L.; Lindgreen, S.; Metspalu, M.; Jombart, T.; Kivisild, T.; Zhai, W.; Eriksson, A.; Manica, A.; Orlando, L.; de la Vega, F. M.; Tridico, S.; Metspalu, E.; Nielsen, K.; Avila-Arcos, M. C.; Moreno-Mayar, J. V.; Muller, C.; Dortch, J.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Lund, O.; Wesolowska, A.; Karmin, M.; Weinert, L. A.; Wang, B.; et al. An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia. Science. 2011, 334 (6052): 94. doi:10.1126/science.1211177.
^ 21.021.1Rasmussen, M.; Guo, X.; Wang, Y.; Lohmueller, K. E.; Rasmussen, S.; Albrechtsen, A.; Skotte, L.; Lindgreen, S.; Metspalu, M.; Jombart, T.; Kivisild, T.; Zhai, W.; Eriksson, A.; Manica, A.; Orlando, L.; de la Vega, F. M.; Tridico, S.; Metspalu, E.; Nielsen, K.; Avila-Arcos, M. C.; Moreno-Mayar, J. V.; Muller, C.; Dortch, J.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Lund, O.; Wesolowska, A.; Karmin, M.; Weinert, L. A.; Wang, B.; et al. An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia. Science. 2011, 334 (6052): 94–98. doi:10.1126/science.1211177.
^Bowler, J. M.; Johnston, H.; Olley, J. M.; Prescott, J. R.; Roberts, R. G.; Shawcross, W.; Spooner, N. A. New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia. Nature. 2003, 421 (6925): 837–40. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..837B. PMID 12594511. doi:10.1038/nature01383.
^Olley, J. M.; Roberts, R. G.; Yoshida, H.; Bowler, J. M. Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2006, 25 (19–20): 2469–2474. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.2469O. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022.
^Smith, C. I.; Chamberlain, A. T.; Riley, M. S.; Stringer, C.; Collins, M. J. The thermal history of human fossils and the likelihood of successful DNA amplification. Journal of Human Evolution. 2003, 45 (3): 203–17. PMID 14580590. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00106-4.
^ 35.035.1McEvoy, B. P.; Lind, J. M.; Wang, E. T.; Moyzis, R. K.; Visscher, P. M.; Van Holst Pellekaan, S. M.; Wilton, A. N. Whole-Genome Genetic Diversity in a Sample of Australians with Deep Aboriginal Ancestry. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2010, 87 (2): 297–305. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.07.008. "Some individuals are close to the Oceanic cluster, composed of MEL and PAP individuals but most occupy a wide range on PC2 between Europeans and East Asians, generally falling in an area occupied by Central and South Asian populations."
^Thomson, Neil (2001) "Indigenous Australia: Indigenous Health", p. 153 in James Jupp (ed), The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their Origins, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80789-1 This article says the likely aboriginal population of Australia in 1788 was around 750,000 or even over a million. There was also a chart from the Australian Bureau of Statistics – Experimental Projections of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, Canberra, ABS, 1998 – with estimated populations for each state and for Australia as a whole total being 418,841.
^Gadian Society. Aboriginal. Gadian Society. [25 September 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-19).
^Statistics compiled by Ørsted-Jensen for Frontier History Revisited (Brisbane 2011), page 10-11 & 15. Column one is the distribution percentage calculated on the estimates gathered and publicised in 1930 (Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia XXIII, 1930, pp672, 687–696) by the social anthropologist Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown. The percentage in column two was calculated on the basis of N.G. Butlin: Our Original Aggression and "others", by M. D. Prentis for his book A Study in Black and White (2 revised edition, Redfern NSW 1988, page 41). Column three however, is calculated on the basis of the "Aboriginal Australia" map, published by Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), Canberra 1994.
^Spooner, P. G.; Firman, M.; Yalmambirra. Origins of Travelling Stock Routes. 1. Connections to Indigenous traditional pathways. The Rangeland Journal. 2013, 32 (3): 329. doi:10.1071/RJ10009.
^Tuckiar v R (1934) 52 CLR 335 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Retrieved 12 March 2011. Dhakiyarr is named "Tuckiar" in the proceedings and is referred to in the main judgment as "a completely uncivilised aboriginal native". The decision is unanimous and strongly criticises the conduct of the trial.
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