水黄皮

水黄皮
水黄皮的花
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目： 豆目 Fabales
科： 豆科 Fabaceae
亚科： 蝶形花亚科 Faboideae
属： 崖豆藤属 Millettia
种：
水黄皮 M. pinnata[1]
二名法
Millettia pinnata[1]
(L.) Pierre（英语：Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre） (1898)
異名[2]
列表
    • Cytisus pinnatus L.
    • Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet
    • Galedupa indica Lam.
    • Galedupa pinnata (L.) Taub.
    • Pongamia glabra Vent.
    • Pongamia mitis Kurz
    • Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre

水黄皮（学名：Millettia pinnata）是蝶形花科崖豆藤属的植物，为乔木植物，分布于印度、中國、日本、臺灣、馬來群島、澳大利亚和太平洋三大島群[3]。

描述

夏威夷群島歐胡島的水黄皮
台灣的水黄皮

水黃皮是生長高度為15-25公尺的常綠喬木或半落葉喬木，壽命可達100年。樹幹呈彎曲狀；種植5年後開始開花，花朵為白、紫或粉紅色，成熟的豆莢為褐色；卵形葉子光滑，深綠色。根系發達，為耐旱的陽性植物，其共生的根瘤菌可固定空氣中的氮氣。

葉

葉互生，一回奇數羽狀複葉。小葉革質，長橢圓形或卵形，5-7枚對生，葉片長約6-23公分，寬約 4-13 公分。基部鈍形或圓形，先端鈍凸尖，全緣或皺曲緣，兩面光滑無毛。葉柄具橫向紋路[4]。葉搓揉後有臭腥味[3][5]。

花

花兩性，總狀花序，腋生，長15～20 cm；花冠蝶形，長約8-10 mm，花瓣淡紫色且基部癒合，外側面被有平貼伏毛（appressed hairs），內面無毛或被有稀疏細毛。雄蕊10束，其中9束花絲單體，一束游離。花葯被毛。子房無柄且被有伏毛，花柱向內彎曲。胚珠2顆，偶見3顆[3][4]。

果

莢果扁平且厚，橢圓形刀狀，一般不開裂。木質，光滑無毛。長約 4–7 cm，寬約 1.5–3 cm。果實末端具短喙。種子橫向橢圓1-2顆，約12 x 9 mm[3][4]。

自然史

水黃皮一年有春、秋兩次花期，每年4-5月及9-11月會開花。果莢耐水耐鹽，可以隨水流傳播，甚至海漂[5]。

分布

本種主要原生於東亞、南亞、澳洲，及太平洋諸島等熱帶及亞熱帶地區海濱[2][5]，常生長於海岸林[3]。

除原生地之外，本種在非洲亦有人工栽培，在留尼旺、毛里斯等西印度洋島嶼則有歸化紀錄[2]。

用途

本物種根系發達，且耐鹽性強，可抵抗強風，在台灣常用作景觀設計、 行道樹及防風林植物[5]。木材致密，過去台灣農家會拿來製作牛車車輪和農具，堅固耐用[5]。種子可供榨油，油含量約為重量的25%，在印度為生物柴油的原料[6]。

澳大利亞原住民會將其用於毒魚，但本種同時在民俗醫藥中也用作醫藥，特別是印度。

辭源

「水黃皮」一名得名自另一種芸香科植物「黃皮」，乃因葉形類似且多生長於水邊之故[5]。

別名

水流豆、臭腥仔、九重吹。

参考文献

  1. ^ Plants profile for Millettia pinnata (pongame oiltree). PLANTS Profile. United States Department of Agriculture. [2012-03-30]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-06）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Millettia pinnata. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). USDA. [2017-09-19]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Factsheet - Millettia pinnata. Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants edition 6. Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, through its Division of Plant Industry. Dec 2010 [2011-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-28）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 水黃皮 Species Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi | 臺灣生命大百科. 臺灣生命大百科. [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-23） （中文（臺灣））. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 踏花歸去—水黃皮 -- 中央研究院數位典藏資源網. ndaip.sinica.edu.tw. [2019-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）. 
  6. ^ 生質柴油潛在樹木－水黃皮 (PDF). 台灣林業期刊. Dec 2011 [2012-02-14]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-07-31）. 

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