大多數礦脈系統是在相對較高的孔隙流體壓力(英语:Pore water pressure)過程中,經過反復自然壓裂而成。高孔隙流體壓力對礦脈系統形成過程中所產生的影響,在“裂縫-封閉”脈中尤為明顯,礦脈中的物質是一系列壓裂事件後的結果,每次都有額外的物質沉積。[38]長期重複自然壓裂的例子譬如由地震所產生。地震讓應力水平不時上升和下降,會導致大量原生水從充滿流體的裂縫中排出。這個過程被稱為“地震抽水”。[39]
利用壓裂方式作為刺激淺層硬岩油井的方法可追溯到1860年代。當時使用矽藻土炸藥或硝酸甘油爆炸,以增加含油氣地層中的石油和天然氣產量。1865年4月24日,曾參與美國南北戰爭的Edward A. L. Roberts上校獲得名為“魚雷(石油鑽探)(英语:Torpedo (petroleum))”爆裂物的專利。[41]先後在賓夕法尼亞州、紐約州、肯塔基州和西維吉尼亞州的油井使用,最早採用的是液體硝酸甘油,後來改用固化硝酸甘油。繼而也應用在水井和氣井的開採。在1930年代,有人引入酸性物質(而非爆炸方式)來刺激油井。由於酸蝕可讓裂縫不會完全閉合,可進一步把油氣產量提高。[42]
在阿莫科公司(英语:Amoco)前身的Stanolind Oil and Gas Corporation服務的Floyd Farris(生1911年,卒2003年)對油井生產力和壓力處理之間的關係進行過研究。Stanolind Oil根據其研究,於1947年在格蘭特縣 (堪薩斯州)的胡鉤藤天然氣田(英语:Hugoton Gas Field)進行首次水力壓裂實驗。[6][45]測試中,把1,000美制加侖(3,800升,或830英制加侖當量)的凝膠汽油(主要是凝固汽油彈)和取自阿肯色河的沙子注入2,400英尺(730米)深的含氣石灰岩地層中。那次實驗因為產量沒明顯變化,不算很成功。在Stanolind Oil工作的J.B. Clark在1948年將這項實驗的報告以論文方式發表。這項工藝在1949年獲得專利,由哈里伯頓油井固井公司獲得獨家授權。1949年3月17日,哈里伯頓公司率先在斯蒂芬斯郡(奧克拉荷馬州)(英语:Stephens County, Oklahoma)和阿徹郡 (德克薩斯州)進行兩次商業水力壓裂處理。[45]從那時開始,這種工藝被用在各種地質條件,以刺激油氣井生產,數目達到100萬口,[46]並取得良好的效果。
在1980年代後期之前,定向鑽孔(非垂直鑽孔)的油井或是氣井並不常見。隨後德克薩斯州的經營者開始在奧斯汀·楚克(英语:Austin Chalk) 完成數千口定向鑽孔的油井,並在鑽孔中進行大規模滑溜水(slickwater)水力壓裂處理。事實證明定向鑽孔比垂直鑽井技術能更有效從緻密白堊中採得石油;[52]沉積層通常以接近水平方式分佈,因此以平行方式(定向)鑽孔可接觸到更大的目標地層。[53] sedimentary beds are usually nearly horizontal, so horizontal wells have much larger contact areas with the target formation.[54]
美國國務院制定一項全球頁岩氣倡議(Global Shale Gas Initiative),以說服世界各國政府允許石油巨頭在當地從事水力壓裂業務。根據[維基解密]]所公佈的一份美國外交電報文件(參見維基解密泄露美國外交電報事件)顯示美國官員們為外國政府官員舉行會議,會中由石油巨頭代表和公共關係專業人士就安撫目標國家,對水力壓裂懷有敵意的人民進行專題介紹。美國政府的努力最終獲得成功,因為幾大洲上的許多國家都有同意給予水力壓裂特許權的想法;例如波蘭同意允許它們在其近3分之1的領土上進行水力壓裂作業。[130]美國政府所屬的美國進出口銀行從2010年以來為在澳大利亞昆士蘭州建立水力壓裂業務,已經對該國提供47億美元的資金。[131]
美國導演喬什·福克斯(英语:Josh Fox)在2010年奧斯卡獎中受提名的電影 -《天然氣之地(英语:Gasland)》(Gasland)[135]成為一個反水力壓裂頁岩的代表。這部電影展示賓夕法尼亞州、懷俄明州和科羅拉多州鑽井現場附近的地下水污染問題。[136]石油和天然氣行業遊說團體 「Energy in Depth 」認為這部電影所述與事實不符。[137]而Gasland的網站上針對「Energy in Depth 」所謂不符事實予以反駁。[138]埃克森美孚、雪佛龍和康菲公司在2011年和2012年播放廣告,描述天然氣對經濟和環境的效益,並認為水力壓裂是安全的。[139]
2014年6月,英國衛生及社會關懷部所屬的公共衛生署(英语:Public Health England)根據對已採用水力壓裂的國家的文獻和數據的審查,發表一篇關於英國頁岩氣開採過程,當地人暴露於化學和放射性污染物而對公共衛生的潛在影響的綜述。[151]這份報告在執行摘要中指出:“對目前已有證據的評估顯示,如果作業和監管正確運作,暴露於相關的排放物,而造成的潛在健康風險將會很低。大多數證據顯示,地下水污染最有可能是由垂直鑽孔洩漏所引起,地下水力壓裂過程本身(即頁岩的壓裂)對地下水污染的可能性不大。但水力壓裂液或廢水在地表的洩漏有影響地下水的可能,而氣體排放也有可能影響健康。在文獻中所確定的潛在風險,通常是由於運作不正確和環境監管不佳所造成。”[151]:iii
一份在2012年為歐盟環境總局(European Union Directorate-General for the Environment )準備的報告,確定水力壓裂造成的空氣污染和地下水污染對人類的潛在風險,[157]而引發在2014年的一系列建議,以緩解這些擔憂。[158][159]2012年美國兒科護士指南稱,水力壓裂對公共健康有潛在的負面影響,兒科護士應做好收集有關此類主題信息的準備,用以倡導改善社區健康。[160]
每口要做水力壓裂的井需要用到120至350萬美制加侖(4,500至 13,200立方米)的水,大型項目使用的多達500萬美制加侖(19,000立方米)。[171]當同一口井需要重新壓裂時,就需使用額外的水。[78][172]一口井在其生命週期內平均需要300到800萬美制加侖(11,000到30,000立方米)的水。[69]根據隸屬牛津大學的牛津能源研究所(英语:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies)的數據,歐洲因為當地頁岩深度平均是美國的1.5倍,而需要用到更多的壓裂液。[173]地表水可能會因溢出,以及建造和維護不當的廢棄物坑而受到污染,[174]從壓裂的地層中逸出(例如經過廢棄的鑽孔、裂縫和斷層[175])的液體,或採出水(英语:produced water)(回流或是鑽孔產生的流體,其中含有如礦物質和鹽的溶解物)也會污染地下水。鹽水和壓裂液從廢棄的鑽孔洩漏而污染地下水的可能性很低。[176][151]採出水可透過注入不透水的地下層、利用市政和商業廢水處理和排放以及油井或油田的自給式系統循環處理,作未來壓裂之用。[177]用於壓裂地層後的採出水,能被回收的通常不會超過一半。[178]
歐盟通過一項關於使用大容量水力壓裂的最低原則的建議。[33]其監管制度要求全面披露所使用的添加劑。[208]美國非營利組織"地下水保護委員會(Ground Water Protection Council
)"[209]推出網址FracFocus.org,這是個水力壓裂液在線自願披露數據庫,由石油和天然氣貿易組織和美國能源部資助。[210][211]水力壓裂並不包括在《安全飲用水法(英语:Safe Drinking Water Act)》的地下注入控制規定之中,但如果使用到柴油,則須受控制。EPA確保在頒發使用到柴油的壓裂鑽井許可時,會進行監督。[212]
2012年,佛蒙特州成為美國第一個禁止水力壓裂的州。2014年12月17日,紐約州因水力壓裂對人類健康和環境有潛在風險,成為第二個完全禁止這種做法的州。[213][214][215]
^Clifford Krauss. The 'Monster' Texas Oil Field That Made the U.S. a Star in the World Market. The New York Times. 2019-02-03 [2019-09-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-04). The shale-drilling frenzy in the Permian has enabled the United States not only to reduce crude-oil imports, but even to become a major exporter [...] New technologies for drilling and hydraulic fracturing helped bring the break-even price
^Umair Irfan. The best case for and against a fracing ban. Vox. 2019-09-13 [2019-09-21]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-01). During much of the fracing boom, the US economy grew and emissions declined. One study found that between 2005 and 2012, fracing created 725,000 jobs. That’s largely due to natural gas from fracing displacing coal in electricity production.
^Rebecca Elliott; Luis Santiago. A Decade in Which Fracking Rocked the Oil World. The Wall Street Journal. 2019-12-17 [2019-12-20]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-23). ... hydraulic fracturing techniques spurred a historic U.S. production boom during the decade that has driven down consumer prices, buoyed the national economy and reshaped geopolitics.
^Laubach, S. E.; Reed, R. M.; Olson, J. E.; Lander, R. H.; Bonnell, L. M. Coevolution of crack-seal texture and fracture porosity in sedimentary rocks: cathodoluminescence observations of regional fractures. Journal of Structural Geology. 2004, 26 (5): 967–982. Bibcode:2004JSG....26..967L. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.019.
^ 49.049.149.2Ben E. Law and Charles W. Spencer, 1993, "Gas in tight reservoirs-an emerging major source of energy," in David G. Howell (ed.), The Future of Energy Gasses, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 1570, pp. 233–252.
^C.R. Fast, G.B. Holman, and R. J. Covlin, "The application of massive hydraulic fracturing to the tight Muddy 'J' Formation, Wattenberg Field, Colorado," in Harry K. Veal, (ed.), Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies (Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1977) 293–300.
^Robert Chancellor, "Mesaverde hydraulic fracture stimulation, northern Piceance Basin – progress report," in Harry K. Veal, (ed.), Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies (Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 1977) 285–291.
^United States National Research Council, Committee to Review the Gas Research Institute's Research, Development and Demonstration Program, Gas Research Institute. A review of the management of the Gas Research Institute. National Academies. 1989: ?.
^Penny, Glenn S.; Conway, Michael W.; Lee, Wellington. Control and Modeling of Fluid Leakoff During Hydraulic Fracturing. Journal of Petroleum Technology. June 1985, 37 (6): 1071–1081. doi:10.2118/12486-PA.
^Martín, Mariano. Nonconventional Fossil Energy Sources: Shale Gas and Methane Hydrates. Alternative Energy Sources and Technologies. Springer International Publishing. 2016: 3–16. ISBN 978-3-319-28750-8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28752-2_1. Two alternatives to transport the proppant can be used, either a high viscosity fluid or a high flow rate. The first one generates large fractures while the second one causes small micro fractures in the formation.
^ 92.092.1Reis, John C. (1976). Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering. Gulf Professional Publishers.
^Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry(PDF) (报告). International Atomic Energy Agency: 39–40. 2003 [2012-05-20]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2014-08-25). Beta emitters, including 3H and 14C, may be used when it is feasible to use sampling techniques to detect the presence of the radiotracer, or when changes in activity concentration can be used as indicators of the properties of interest in the system. Gamma emitters, such as 46Sc, 140La, 56Mn, 24Na, 124Sb, 192Ir, 99Tcm, 131I, 110Agm, 41Ar and 133Xe are used extensively because of the ease with which they can be identified and measured. ... In order to aid the detection of any spillage of solutions of the 'soft' beta emitters, they are sometimes spiked with a short half-life gamma emitter such as 82Br
^Waltz, James; Decker, Tim L, Hydro-fracturing offers many benefits, Johnson Driller's Journal, 1981, (2nd quarter): 4–9
^Williamson, WH, The use of hydraulic techniques to improve the yield of bores in fractured rocks, Groundwater in Fractured Rock, Conference Series (5), Australian Water Resources Council, 1982
^Less, C; Andersen, N, Hydrofracture: state of the art in South Africa, Applied Hydrogeology, Feb 1994, 2 (2): 59–63, doi:10.1007/s100400050050
^Phillips. K. (2012). What is the True Cost of Hydraulic Fracturing? Incorporating Negative Externalities into the Cost of America’s Latest Energy Alternative. Journal of Environmental Sciences Program. 2,1st Edition, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
^Soraghan, Mike. Quiet foundation funds the 'anti-fracking' fight. E&E News. 2012-03-12 [2013-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-22). In our work to oppose fracking, the Park Foundation has simply helped to fuel an army of courageous individuals and NGOs,' or non-governmental organizations, said Adelaide Park Gomer, foundation president and Park heir, in a speech late last year.
^ 147.0147.1Urbina, Ian. Pressure Limits Efforts to Police Drilling for Gas. The New York Times. 2011-03-03 [2012-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12). More than a quarter-century of efforts by some lawmakers and regulators to force the federal government to police the industry better have been thwarted, as E.P.A. studies have been repeatedly narrowed in scope and important findings have been removed
^The Debate Over the Hydrofracking Study's Scope. The New York Times. 2011 -03-03 [2012-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). While environmentalists have aggressively lobbied the agency to broaden the scope of the study, industry has lobbied the agency to narrow this focus请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^Natural Gas Documents. The New York Times. 2011 -02-27 [2012-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-04). The Times reviewed more than 30,000 pages of documents obtained through open records requests of state and federal agencies and by visiting various regional offices that oversee drilling in Pennsylvania. Some of the documents were leaked by state or federal officials.请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ 150.0150.1Finkel, M.L.; Hays, J. The implications of unconventional drilling for natural gas: a global public health concern. Public Health (Review). October 2013, 127 (10): 889–893. PMID 24119661. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.07.005.
^Centner, Terence J. Oversight of shale gas production in the United States and the disclosure of toxic substances. Resources Policy. September 2013, 38 (3): 233–240. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2013.03.001.
^Fatalities among oil and gas extraction workers – United States, 2003–2006. 2008. doi:10.1037/e458082008-002.
^McDonald, J. C.; McDonald, A. D.; Hughes, J. M.; Rando, R. J.; Weill, H. Mortality from Lung and Kidney Disease in a Cohort of North American Industrial Sand Workers: An Update. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 2005-02-22, 49 (5): 367–73. ISSN 1475-3162. PMID 15728107. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mei001.
^Tatomir, A., McDermott, C., Bensabat, J., Class, H., Edlmann, K., Taherdangkoo, R., & Sauter, M. (2018) https://www.adv-geosci.net/45/185/2018/. Conceptual model development using a generic Features, Events, and Processes (FEP) database for assessing the potential impact of hydraulic fracturing on groundwater aquifers, Advances in Geosciences, v.45, p185-192.
^Buono, Regina; Lopez-Gunn, Elena; McKay, Jennifer; Staddon, Chad. Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas 1st 2020. Cham. 2020. ISBN 978-3-030-18342-4.
^Taherdangkoo, Reza; Tatomir, Alexandru; Taylor, Robert; Sauter, Martin. Numerical investigations of upward migration of fracking fluid along a fault zone during and after stimulation. Energy Procedia. September 2017, 125: 126–135. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.093.
^Moran, Matthew D. Land-use and ecosystem services costs of unconventional US oil and gas development. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 2017, 15 (5): 237–242. doi:10.1002/fee.1492.
^Roberts JS Testimony of J.Scott Roberts, Deputy Secretary for Mineral Resources Management, Department of Environmental Protection (Pennsylvania) 2010-05-20.
^Farah, Paolo Davide; Tremolada, Riccardo. Regulation and Prospects of the Shale Gas Market in China in Light of International Trade, Energy Law, Production-Sharing Agreements, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: A Comparison with the US Experience. 2015. SSRN 2666216.
Kassotis, Christopher D.; Tillitt, Donald E.; Davis, J. Wade; Hormann, Annette M.; Nagel, Susan C. Estrogen and Androgen Receptor Activities of Hydraulic Fracturing Chemicals and Surface and Ground Water in a Drilling-Dense Region. Endocrinology. March 2014, 155 (3): 897–907. PMID 24424034. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1697.
Smith, S. Respirators Are Not Enough: New Study Examines Worker Exposure to Silica in Hydraulic Fracturing Operations. EHS Today. 2014-08-01. ProQuest1095508837.
Weinhold, Bob. Unknown Quantity: Regulating Radionuclides in Tap Water. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2012-09-19, 120 (9): A350–56. PMC 3440123. PMID 23487846. doi:10.1289/ehp.120-a350. Examples of human activities that may lead to radionuclide exposure include mining, milling, and processing of radioactive substances; wastewater releases from the hydraulic fracturing of oil and natural gas wells... Mining and hydraulic fracturing, or "fracking", can concentrate levels of uranium (as well as radium, radon, and thorium) in wastewater...
Cothren, Jackson. Modeling the Effects of Non-Riparian Surface Water Diversions on Flow Conditions in the Little Red Watershed(PDF) (报告). U. S. Geological Survey, Arkansas Water Science Center Arkansas Water Resources Center, American Water Resources Association, Arkansas State Section Fayetteville Shale Symposium 2012: 12. [2012-09-16]. ...each well requires between 3 and 7 million gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing and the number of wells is expected to grow in the future
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SMK Negeri 2 Doloksanggul[[File:.|frameless]]InformasiAkreditasiANomor Statistik Sekolah32070810002AlamatLokasiJl. Sidikalang Km. 2 Dolok Sanggul, Dolok Sanggul, Humbang Hasundutan 22457Moto Sejarah SMK Negeri 2 Doloksanggul beralamat di Jl. Sikalang KM....
Tim-tim eksplosif Angkatan Laut AS dan Angkatan Darat AS menghancurkan fasilitas dan meninggalkan suplai-suplai Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Hŭngnam pada 24 Desember 1950, hari terakhir evakuasi amfibi pasukan PBB dari Hŭngnam pada Perang Korea. Transportasi kecepatan tinggi AL AS USS Begor (APD-127) berada di latar depan. Menara Peringatan Retret Geoje HuengNam Evakuasi Hungnam (Hangul: 흥남 철수 작전; Hanja: 興南撤收作戰), bernama kode Christma...
اضغط هنا للاطلاع على كيفية قراءة التصنيف غزال المهرّ حالة الحفظ أنواع مهددة بالانقراض (خطر انقراض أقصى)[1] المرتبة التصنيفية نوع[2] التصنيف العلمي النطاق: حقيقيات النوى المملكة: الحيوانات الشعبة: الحبليات الطائفة: الثدييات الرتبة: مزدوجات الأصابع الفصيلة: البقريا
Balapan di Granja Viana, Brasil. Balapan gokar adalah sebuah balapan Gokar atau mobil kecil tanpa atap beroda empat dan biasanya diadakan di sirkuit kecil. Balapan gokar pada umumnya diterima sebagai bentuk yang paling ekonomis dari olahraga bermotor yang tersedia. Sebagai aktivitas waktu luang, dapat dilakukan oleh hampir siapa saja, dan sebagai olahraga bermotor, ia adalah salah satu olahraga yang diatur oleh FIA (di bawah CIK), yang memungkinkan bagi siapa pun yang berlisensi balap dari us...
داء متماثلات البوائغ Isosporiasis بيضة متكيسة في نسيج طلائي في معيل من الثديياتبيضة متكيسة في نسيج طلائي في معيل من الثدييات معلومات عامة الاختصاص أمراض معدية من أنواع داء الأكريات، وأمراض تنقلها المياه، ومرض الأسباب طريقة انتقال العامل المسبب للمرض طريق فموي-شرج...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Debt game show – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) American TV series or program DebtGenreGame showCreated bySarah Jane WestDirected byJames Marcione[1]Presented by...
2006 video by R.E.M.When the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987Video by R.E.M.ReleasedSeptember 12, 2006 (2006-09-12)GenreAlternative rockLabelI.R.S.R.E.M. chronology And I Feel Fine... The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987(2006) When the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987(2006) R.E.M. Live(2007) R.E.M. video chronology Perfect Square(2004) When the Light Is Mine: The Best of the I.R.S. Years 1982–1987(2006) R.E.M. Live...
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Academic journalElectronic Journal of Academic and Special LibrarianshipDisciplineLibrary scienceLanguageEnglishPublication detailsFormer n...
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Alice no Paint Adventure – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Oct...
Château de Saint-Chartier Le château de Saint-Chartier ou des Maîtres-Sonneurs Nom local Le château des Maîtres-Sonneurs Période ou style Médiéval - Renaissance Début construction XVe siècle Fin construction XIXe siècle Propriétaire actuel Particulier Destination actuelle Privée Protection Classé MH (1989) Inscrit MH (1989) Coordonnées 46° 38′ 50″ nord, 1° 58′ 36″ est[1] Pays France Région historique Berry Régi...
Idham AzisKepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia ke-24Masa jabatan1 November 2019 – 27 Januari 2021PresidenJoko WidodoWakilAri Dono S. (2019—2020)Gatot Eddy P. (2020—2021)PendahuluTito KarnavianAri Dono S. (Plt.)PenggantiListyo Sigit PrabowoKepala Badan Reserse Kriminal Polri ke-20Masa jabatan22 Januari 2019 – 1 November 2019PendahuluArief SulistyantoPenggantiListyo Sigit PrabowoKepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya ke-37Masa jabatan20 Juli 2017 ...
Modifier key present on Apple keyboards ⌥Option keyIn UnicodeU+2325 ⌥ OPTION KEY The Option key may be labeled Alt, Option, ⌥, or any combination thereof. The Option key, ⌥, is a modifier key present on Apple keyboards. It is located between the Control key and the Command key on a typical Mac keyboard. There are two Option keys on modern (as of 2020) Mac desktop and notebook keyboards, one on each side of the space bar. (As of 2005, some laptops had only one to make ro...
Jamaican missionary Joseph Merrick at an Isubu funeral in Bimbia, 1845 Joseph Merrick (August 1808 – 22 October 1849) was a Jamaican Baptist missionary who, assisted by Joseph Jackson Fuller, established the first successful mission on the Cameroon coast of Africa. Biography Merrick was born in August 1808 in Jamaica.[1] Merrick began preaching in 1837 in Jamaica[2] and was ordained a full missionary in 1838.[3] In 1842, Reverend John Clarke and Dr. G. K. Prince, mem...
Class of 12+1 British 4-6-2 locomotives Princess Royal Class6210 Lady Patricia at Crewe Works in 1948Type and originPower typeSteamDesignerWilliam StanierBuilderLMS Crewe WorksBuild date1933 (2), 1935 (10)Total produced12SpecificationsConfiguration: • Whyte4-6-2 • UIC2′C1′ h4sGauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)Leading dia.3 ft 0 in (0.914 m)Driver dia.6 ft 6 in (1.981 m)Trailing dia.3 ft 9 in (1.14...
33°57′23″S 18°27′40″E / 33.9564113°S 18.4611377°E / -33.9564113; 18.4611377 FitzPatrick Institute of African OrnithologyEstablished1959Head of DepartmentAssociate Prof. Susan CunninghamLocationCape Town, South AfricaWebsitewww.fitzpatrick.uct.ac.za The FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology is a South African biological research and conservation institute based at the University of Cape Town. The mission statement of the institute is “to promote and...
Specialised agency of the United Nations Not to be confused with World Trade Organization. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: World Tourism Organization – news · newspapers · books · scholar...
Nota: Para outros significados, veja Ghost Rider (desambiguação). Motoqueiro Fantasma Uma Fanart de motoqueiro fantasma Informações gerais Primeira aparição Marvel Spotlight #5 (Agosto de 1972) Criado por Roy ThomasGary FriedrichMike Ploog Editora Marvel Comics Informações pessoais Estado atual ativo Codinomesconhecidos Zarathos, O Espírito da Vingança, Arcanjo da Justiça, O Cavaleiro Fantasma Características físicas Espécie Humano possuído por uma Entidade Demôniaca/Anj...
2014 studio album by Andy GrammerMagazines or NovelsStudio album by Andy GrammerReleasedAugust 5, 2014Genre Pop rock pop Length42:48LabelS-CurveAndy Grammer chronology Crazy Beautiful(2013) Magazines or Novels(2014) Spotify Singles(2017) Singles from Magazines or Novels Back HomeReleased: April 8, 2014 Honey, I'm Good.Released: November 11, 2014 Good to Be Alive (Hallelujah)Released: August 24, 2015 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic [1]NewsdayC [2] ...
محطة شوكوجاوا معلومات البلد اليابان التقسيم الادارى نيشينومايا, هيوجو تاريخ الافتتاح 1920 المحطات المجاوره محطة نيشينوميا كيتاجوكى محطة اشياجاوا عدد المسارات التأسيس 16 يوليه 1920 إحداثيات 34°44′32″N 135°19′41″E / 34.742157°N 135.328077°E / 34.742157; 135.328077 تعديل...