幻聽

幻聽(英語:Auditory HallucinationParacusia[1] ),是一種幻覺,患者會認為他們聽到聲音,但聲音並不是真的存在。常見的形式是聽到一個或更多的說話聲音,這可能是一些精神病性障礙的信號,例如思覺失調症躁鬱症。在診斷該患者的時候,這是很重要的參考因素[2]

病因

病因可包含多種DSM-5診斷[3],如:

分类

幻听是出现於听觉器官的虚幻的知觉,是精神病人常见症状之一,尤其常见于思覺失調症。其幻听多为顯性幻听(True Hallucination),但也可以是隱性幻听(Pseudohallucination[5]。如果是顯性幻听,病人可以清楚地告诉你,声音是透过他的耳朵听来的,声音是在外界,离他一定的距离出现;如果是隱性幻听,病人会具体地说出声音不是来自外界,而是存在於他的脑子裏或肚子[6]

遺傳因素

人們可以聽到聲音但不一定是精神病,其起因仍在研究。患者的幻聽主要來自思覺失調症,而在這些個案中,潛在的問題可能會是遺傳[7]

症狀

幻聽的呈遞主要有三種途徑:

  1. 病人聽到一個聲音在說出他的想法,
  2. 病人聽到很多的聲音在爭吵,
  3. 病人聽見一些聲音在敘述自己的行為[8]

除了這三種形式,還有其他類型的幻聽,包括在腦裡面聽到音樂在播放,這一般是個人熟悉的歌曲。成因可能是腦部曾經受損[9]聽覺障礙癲癇所引起[10]

治療

治療幻聽的主要方法是:施以影響身體多巴胺代謝抗精神病藥物。如果幻聽的起因是情緒障礙,則其它藥物如抗抑鬱藥情緒穩定劑,通常會連同抗精神病藥一起使用。這些治療可能會停止幻聽,但不能完全治愈,因為沒有解決問題的根源[11]。一些心理治療已被證實有助於降低幻聽的強度和發生的頻率[12][13]

例子

羅伯特·舒曼是著名作曲家,在他生命最後的階段經歷了幻聽。舒曼的日記指出,他長遠遭受到想像的A5音階在他的耳朵裡響著。這音樂的幻覺後來變得越來越複雜,一天晚上,他聲稱作曲家舒伯特的鬼魂拜訪他,並寫下了他所聽到的音樂。此後,他聲稱可以聽到天使合唱團為他歌唱。由於他的病情續漸惡化,天使般的聲音變為了魔鬼的聲音[14]

聽聲運動

有些人認為「幻聽」是汙名,故發起相關運動。[15]

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Paracusia. Medical dictionary. [2022-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-16). 
  2. ^ Yuhas, Daisy. Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained A challenge. Scientific American Mind (March 2013). [2 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-13). 
  3. ^ Woods A, Jones N, Alderson-Day B, Callard F, Fernyhough C. Experiences of hearing voices: analysis of a novel phenomenological survey. The Lancet. Psychiatry. April 2015, 2 (4): 323–331. PMC 4580735可免费查阅. PMID 26360085. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00006-1. 
  4. ^ Schizophrenia. National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). [November 20, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-21). 
  5. ^ Cowen, Philip, Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry 6th, Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2012 [2014-11-15], ISBN 978-0-19-960561-3, (原始内容存档于2014-11-29) 
  6. ^ 幻聽,A+醫學百科,檢索於2014年11月13日。. [2014年11月13日]. (原始内容存档于2014年8月15日). 
  7. ^ Hugdahl, Kenneth. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: the role of cognitive, brain structural and genetic disturbances in the left temporal lobe. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2008, 1: 1–10. 
  8. ^ Semple, David. "Oxford hand book of psychiatry" Oxford University Press, 2005
  9. ^ Rare Hallucinations Make Music In The Mind. ScienceDaily.com. August 9, 2000 [2006-12-31]. (原始内容存档于2006年12月5日). 
  10. ^ Engmann, Birk; Reuter, Mike: Spontaneous perception of melodies – hallucination or epilepsy? Nervenheilkunde 2009 Apr 28: 217-221. ISSN 0722-1541
  11. ^ Barker,P. (2009) Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing- The craft of caring (2nd ed.) England: Hodder Arnold.
  12. ^ Penn, David L.; Meyer, PS; Evans, E; Wirth, RJ; Cai, K; Burchinal, M. Professional A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research. 2008, 109 (1-3): 52–59. PMID 19176275. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.12.009. 
  13. ^ Shergill, Sukhwinder S.; Murray, RM; McGuire, PK. Auditory hallucinations: a review of psychological treatments. Schizophrenia Research. 1998, 32 (3): 137–150. PMID 9720119. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00052-8. 
  14. ^ Laqueur, Thomas. Spirited Away. 2007-09-03: 36–42. 
  15. ^ 聽聲運動 : 【 請使用「聽聲」取代「幻聽」,避免污名化 】. 聽聲運動. 2022-05-27 [2022-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-07). 

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