寂護

寂護
圓寂西藏
国籍天竺
著名成就中觀瑜珈行派
宗派中觀派
頭銜桑耶寺住持
駐錫於那爛陀寺桑耶寺
師承清辨
徒弟與學生蓮花戒
師子賢
赤松德贊
預試七人
著作中觀莊嚴論

寂護梵語शान्तरक्षितŚāntarakṣita,725年-788年[1]),又譯為靜命禪怛羅乞答。藏族人稱之為希瓦措藏語ཞི་བ་ཚོ威利转写zhi ba tsho)。八世紀印度佛教顯教僧侶,那爛陀學者,西藏佛教人士。將印度佛教傳入西藏,建立了最初的藏傳佛教僧團,是西藏前弘期最重要的奠基者之一。與莲花生赤松德赞,合称师君三尊

他也是瑜伽行中觀学派的主要建立者。主要的弟子為蓮花戒

生平

寂護出身孟加拉地區的王族(有人说奥里萨),在說一切有部中出家,後師從中觀派清辨大師,是著名的那爛陀寺佛教學者。但是他在見解上與其師清辨不同,主張綜合瑜伽行唯識學派與中觀學派的觀點,建立了隨瑜伽行中觀派

入藏

寂護大師受到藏王赤松德贊的邀請,自尼泊爾至西藏地區傳法。西元794年接受七位西藏貴族的請求,授予他們出家戒成立僧團,史稱「預試七人」或「七覺士」〈Sad mi bdun〉,是藏傳佛教僧團的開始。這也是西藏僧團戒律為說一切有部不是大眾部的原因。

迎請蓮師入藏

寂護大師在西藏的傳法活動,引起了西藏舊有貴族與苯教支持者的不滿,藉口當時發生的嚴重冰雹瘟疫、雷擊等災害,認為這是因為寂護大師傳入佛教,觸怒了當地神明所致。藏王受到極大的壓力,只能讓寂護大師返回尼泊爾。寂護大師建議藏王至烏仗那地區邀精通密法的蓮華生大師入藏。蓮華生大師入藏之後,展現極大的神通力量,降伏了當地的神靈與苯教修行者,並且為桑耶寺灑淨,讓它能夠順利的開始動工。藏王再度邀請寂護大師返藏。寂護大師返藏之後,與苯教支持者展開了數次大型的辯論,辯破了他們的各項論點,佛教信仰在寂護大師與蓮華生大師協力合作之下,開始流行於西藏地區。並合之建立桑耶寺

樹立法幢

寂護大師以桑耶寺為基地,傳播佛教。他見到當時西藏地區僧侶的學養不足,對佛教又有許多誤解,建議藏王派人至印度那爛陀寺求學,學習梵文,並將佛教經典譯成藏文。他在桑耶寺住持了十三年,最後在西藏入滅。

隨著佛教信仰的流行,藏傳僧侶內部也發生了教義之爭。其中一派的領導者,是來自漢地的摩訶衍。摩訶衍和尚教授禪宗荷澤派的思想,強調不作意、頓悟成佛。但是寂護大師門下不認同這種說法,他們遵守寂護大師所教授的教法,認為修學應有次第,強調觀行,以智慧分別力漸修而至成佛。

為了解決紛爭,藏王舉行了一次大型的辯經大會,邀請寂護大師的弟子蓮花戒論師代表,與摩訶衍那門下進行辯論,最後由蓮花戒論師勝出。藏王下令驅逐摩訶衍大師及其門下,不允許他們繼續在西藏傳教,同時宣布此後西藏佛教須以寂護大師所教授的內容為準[2]

思想及影響

寂護雖然師從清辨大師,但是他的思想與清辨有所不同。清辨的思想接近於說一切有部經量部,被後世稱為順經部行中觀派。而寂護大師與其弟子蓮花戒大師受到唯識思想的影響,將瑜伽行唯識學派融入中觀思想之中,建立了隨瑜伽行中觀派

寂護大師的另一位弟子師子賢,根據解脫軍所傳的《現觀莊嚴論》,為它作了四部註釋書,是《現觀莊嚴論》的重要註解者。

著作

寂護大師著有《中觀莊嚴論》Madhyamakālaṃkāra,又自作註解,後來成為藏傳佛教的根本五大論之一。他又註解《二論分別論》作《二諦分別釋》,以宣揚中觀教法。

註釋

  1. ^ stanford.edu: Śāntarakṣita (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 《土觀宗教源流》:「關于前弘期的正見,初藏王赤松德贊時,曾首次向全藏宣布法律:凡諸見行,皆應依從靜命堪布傳規。」

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