雪顿节

雪顿节时罗布林卡的藏戏

雪顿节藏語ཞོ་སྟོན་威利转写zho ston)是藏族的传统节日,也是目前西藏自治区的法定节日,藏历每年六月三十日開始慶祝,為期五至六天。“雪”“顿”是藏语“酸奶”、“宴”的意思,雪顿节意即吃酸奶的節日。因為雪頓節期間有規模盛大的曬佛儀式和隆重熱烈的藏戲演出,所以也稱之為晒佛節藏戲節

雪顿节的演变

在17世纪以前,雪顿节是纯粹的宗教节日。在青藏高原每年夏季,天气漸暖,百虫惊蛰而出土活动。为了避免伤害生灵而违背了佛祖释迦牟尼不杀生的戒律,藏传佛教格鲁派规定每年藏曆四至六月,不准僧人出寺活动,要在寺院安居靜修三個月,直到六月底解夏後僧人才能出寺。而每当到这个时候,当地的平民百姓都要取出酸奶向寺院里的僧人供奉。同时在拉萨哲蚌寺举行欢庆节,演出藏戏,哲蚌寺也就成为了雪顿节的活动中心,节日逐渐有了“哲蚌雪顿”之名[1][2]

到了第五世達賴喇嘛·羅桑嘉措的时候,在“哲蚌雪顿”时候,还调集西藏各地区的藏戏团前来演出。五世达赖移居布达拉宫后,除规定每年藏历举行“哲蚌雪顿”的头一天在哲蚌寺首演外,又规定第二天到布达拉宫演出,然后在拉萨和西藏各地巡回演出。18世纪后期,罗布林卡建成后,成为达赖的夏宫。公元1913年依照十三世达赖喇嘛的决定,每年“哲蚌雪顿”都要在罗布林卡首演,同时允许平民百姓进入观看演出。相沿下来,就形成了群众性的娱乐活动,雪顿节也由此得名。

雪顿节这一天,哲蚌寺在寺外的山坡展出一幅高30米宽20米的丝织大佛像,当天善男信女云集,纷纷向佛像抛掷哈达,如同雪花纷飞,

雪顿节的安排

哲蚌寺外晒大佛的展台

在藏历七月初一的那一天,拉萨等西藏各地的居民来到罗布林卡,观看来自拉萨日喀则穷结雅砻堆龙德庆等地的藏剧团和戏班子、舞班子、打鼓舞队的联合演出。初八以后,各剧团到拉萨地区各处演出,8月上旬个剧团回到本地,同时,全藏区、村、村寨所有民间藏戏团体和带有戏剧性质的艺术表演团队,和僧俗一起狂欢。

参考文献

  1. ^ 崗措. 藏族傳統節日的地域性特點. 中央民族大學學報. 2015, 42 (6): 132-137 [2023-01-30]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-30). 
  2. ^ 藏族雪顿节. 中央电视台国家地理. [2010年8月10日]. (原始内容存档于2020年5月26日) (中文(简体)). 

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