報酬遞減

報酬遞減(英語:diminishing returns)又名收益遞減報酬遞減法則收益遞減法則(law of diminishing returns)[1]產量遞減原則(principle of diminishing marginal productivity)[2]邊際報酬遞減邊際收益遞減(diminishing marginal returns)、邊際報酬遞減法則邊際回報遞減定律(law of diminishing marginal returns)[3]以及邊際產量遞減法則(principle of diminishing marginal productivity)等,在經濟學中,指在投入生產要素後,每單位生產要素隨著所能提供的產量增加發生遞減的現象。

早期的經濟學家,忽略了科學與技術的進步可以增加產量,認為在人口的增加下,隨著邊際報酬遞減的影響,會發生人均產出持續下降,造成人類生活在痛苦的水平中,類似的理論在也應用在托馬斯·馬爾薩斯的著作《人口論》中。然而科學與技術的進步使得人類沒有發生生產停滯的情況,甚至還抵過人口增加的影響,使人類的生活水平提高。[4]此外,科技的发展不是线性的,[5]一些研究指出,全球範圍內的科技創新速率在1873年達到頂峰之後,便開始趨緩直到現在,[6][7]已開發國家的經濟與技術水準發展變慢,[8]是一個接近停滯而非加速的狀態。有觀點認為人類的科技發展正在接近一個科技奇點[9]

公式表达

歷史

最早提出時間為1768年,古典經濟學家安妮·羅伯特·雅克·杜爾哥(Anne Robert Jacques Turgot)認為,在符合古典經濟學認為的最高產量條件(生產要素比例最適:不管增或減任一的生產要素都會導致產量的下降)的情況下,會有三階段的變化。[10]

  • 階段一:邊際產量上升,平均產量上升;
  • 階段二:邊際產量遞減,平均產量上升;
  • 階段三:平均產量遞減。

經濟學家約翰‧海因里希馮·杜能托馬斯·馬爾薩斯大衛·李嘉圖等人也對此也有所討論,然而其中開始引起關注的是大衛·李嘉圖托馬斯·馬爾薩斯間的討論:[11]

  • 沒有投入就沒有產出,因此生產線由原點開始。
  • 生產要素初始投入時邊際報酬最高。
  • 邊際報酬持續遞減。

而同樣的概念也應用在托馬斯·馬爾薩斯其著作《人口論》提出的人口鐵律(Iron Law of Population)中。[12]

分析

短期生產函數中Α點以右開始,出現邊際報酬遞減的情形。

邊際報酬遞減現象,在經濟學的產量分析中出現,在此分析中,可分為發生於長期與短期兩種不同的假設,而邊際報酬遞減則常出現於產量的短期分析中,長期分析則因科學與技術進步使生產效率改變,邊際報酬也因此發生變化,無法確知影響。

然而在短期也因為生產技術的特性及配合資本投入量的多寡,很難有一個定論,僅能就實證慣律(empirical regularity)顯示[13]。短期產量受到固定的生產要素以及變動的生產要素影響而發生變化,由於一開始時就有固定要素的存在,增加變動的生產要素會增加對固定的生產要素的使用效率,因此邊際產量增加。然而增加到一定量後,由於受限於固定的生產要素的數量,再增加生產要素反而出現不效率,造成邊際報酬遞減。以左圖的短期生產函數為例,邊際產量(marginal product)在Α點達到最高點,然後開始遞減(diminish),顯示變動生產要素(variable factors)增加,但固定生產因素(fixed factors)所帶來的產量增長因受限而下降。

参考文献

  1. ^ (law of diminishing returns). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-03). 
  2. ^ (principle of diminishing marginal productivity). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-03). 
  3. ^ 楊雲明. 《個體經濟學》. 智勝出版社. 
  4. ^ Early economists, neglecting the possibility of scientific and technical progress that would improve the means of production,.... Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. [2012-02-16]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-03). 
  5. ^ 停滞30年,人类科技被“锁死”?这个科学大会给出了答案. [2024-08-19]. 科技的发展从来不是线性的,而是爆炸式的,正如人类上百万年历史中,近100年的科技进步比过去任何时代加起来都大。 
  6. ^ Huebner, J. A possible declining trend for worldwide innovation. Technological Forecasting and Social Change英语Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 2005, 72 (8): 980–986 [2019-11-13]. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2005.01.003. (原始内容存档于2020-10-27). 
  7. ^ Hayden, Thomas. Science: Wanna be an inventor? Don't bother. U.S. News & World Report. 7 July 2005 [10 June 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-11-01). 
  8. ^ 停滞30年,人类科技被“锁死”?这个科学大会给出了答案. [2024-08-19]. 已開發國家的經濟與技術水準發展卻變慢 
  9. ^ 停滯的文明:人類發展有沒有終點?. [2024-08-19]. 有些人認為,人類的科技發展將不再逐漸進化。而是在接近停滯的一段時間後,於某個時間點爆炸成長,我們稱該時點為技術奇點( Technology Singularity )。 
  10. ^ Anne Robert Jacques Turgot. 《Observations sur le mémoire de M. de Saint-Péravy en faveur de l’impôt indirect》. 1768. 
  11. ^ David Ricardo. An Essay on Profits. 1815. 
  12. ^ Thomas Robert Malthus. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London, England: J. Johnson. 1798. 
  13. ^ 張寶塔、蔡攀龍. 《個體經濟學》: 333-337頁. 

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