冰島獨立黨是冰島最大的中間偏右政黨，自1944年冰島脫離丹麥獨立以來，獨立黨在1944－2009年及2013年至今，一直是冰島國會的第一大黨。獨立黨的保守主義包含社會自由主義及經濟自由主義。戴維·奧德森在1991－2004年出任總理期間，其政策包括穩定貨幣及財政；私有化；減稅；規定漁業的獨占使用權（Exclusive use right）；廢除各種資助虧損企業的政府基金；貨幣移轉和資本市場的自由化。[68]
基石派（Cornerstone Group，俗稱Faith, Flag and Family）：保守黨內第三大勢力。基石派的俗稱，則來自於該派所支持的三大支柱——英國國教會、單一制的英國以及家庭價值。強調英國的基督教文化傳統（儘管影響力已減少），反對英國的中央權力有任何形式之轉移——無論下至國家和地區或上至歐盟——並且更加強調傳統家庭結構以修復英國破碎的社會。大多數人反對大量移民移入英國，而且有部分人士曾針對種族議題發表極具爭議的言論。[93][94]著名的基石黨人有娜汀·多里斯、安德魯·羅森戴爾、Ann Widdecombe（英语：Ann Widdecombe）和愛德華·李——後兩者因以天主教徒身分支持英國國教會而受到注目。保守派的英國哲學家罗杰·斯克鲁顿是基石派中知識派的代表人物。其著作較少著墨於經濟上，而是集中在保守派在政治、社會、文化和道德議題上的看法。
^T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the social hierarchy."
^Left and right: the significance of a political distinction, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
^Seymour Martin Lipset, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter
^Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612
^Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'
^Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019(PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 2019, 22: 23 [2021-05-15]. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2023-01-23）. Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is “differently egalitarian” (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).
^Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term right does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996
^Goldthorpe, J.E. An Introduction to Sociology 3rd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985: 156. ISBN 978-0-521-24545-6. There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.
^Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019(PDF). Annual Review of Political Science. 2019, 22: 24 [2021-05-15]. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. （原始内容存档(PDF)于2023-01-23）. ...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.
^The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture Charles T. Goodsell British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3（Jul., 1988）, pp. 287-302.
^Gerhard Linski, Current Issues and Research in Macrosociology, Brill Archive, 1984, p. 59.
^Barry Clark, Political Economy: A Comparative Approach, Praeger Paperback, 1998, pp. 33-34.
^"Right-wing". Concise Encyclopedia Britannica. Published in 2006.
^Ball, T. and R. Bellamy, eds., The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought, pp. 610–12.
^Barry Clark, Political Economy: A Comparative Approach, Praeger Paperback, 1998, pgs; 33-34.
^J. C. D. Clark, English Society, 1660–1832（Cambridge University Press, 2008）, pp. 250-1.
^Adams, Ian. Political Ideology Today. Manchester U Press 2001. p 20
^Fascism, Comparison and Definition, Stanley Payne, University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8, 9780299080648,
19: "Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic."
^Roger Griffin, Interregnum or Endgame?: Radical Right Thought in the ‘Post-fascist’ Era, The Journal of Political Ideologies, vol. 5, no. 2, July 2000, pp. 163-78
^‘Non Angeli, sed Angli: the neo-populist foreign policy of the "New" BNP', in Christina Liang（ed.）Europe for the Europeans: the foreign and security policy of the populist radical right（Ashgate, Hampshire,2007）. ISBN 978-0-7546-4851-2
^Martin E. Marty, R. Scott Appleby, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Fundamentalisms observed. University of Chicago Press, 1994. P. 91. ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8, ISBN 978-0-226-50878-8.
^Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed.（2006）American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, pp. 870-875.
^Frohnen, Bruce, Jeremy Beer, and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed.（2006）American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.
^William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-925298-5, "An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world."
^Winock, Michel（dir.）, Histoire de l'extrême droite en France（1993）
^Adams, Ian Political Ideology Today（2nd edition）, Manchester University Press, 2002, pg. 68
^Hainsworth, Paul. 2000. "The Front National: From Ascendancy to Fragmentation on the French Extreme Right." In The Politics of the Extreme Right, ed. Paul Hainsworth, 18-31. London: Pinter.
^Thomas Blom Hansen, The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India, Princeton University Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-4008-0342-2, 9781400803422
^M. Kamrava; H. Hassan-Yari, Suspended Equilibrium in Iran's Political System, The Muslim World, Volume 94, Number 4, October 2004 , pp. 495-524 (30)
^存档副本. [2012-06-01]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-24）. Elections Summaries for POLS 168 -- Middle East Politics (Fall 2007)]
