兰格模型最初为应对奥地利学派的质疑而产生。其由波兰经济学家奥斯卡·R·兰格在1936年提出,随后由H. D. Dickinson、阿巴·勒那 等经济学家不断扩充而形成,涵盖了新古典经济学家维弗雷多·帕累托和里昂·瓦尔拉斯的理论,强调帕累托均衡的重要性。在帕累托均衡条件下,任何改变都无法使得任何个体不在损害其他个体福祉的情形下变得更好(即从此以后,非损人不能利己)。为达成帕累托均衡,必须要有一定的条件,因而里昂·瓦尔拉斯称只要能满足这一系列的条件,便能实现帕累托均衡,故而即便是公有制的社会主义经济也可以产生资本主义经济一样的理性价格机制。这一理论极大推动了市场社会主义理论的发展。[3]
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^ 10.010.110.210.3Roberts, P.C., 1971. Oskar Lange's theory of socialist planning. Journal of Political Economy, 79(3), pp.562-577.
^On the Economic Theory of Socialism, by Lange, Oskar. 1936. The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1: "It seems, therefore, convenient to regard the income of consumers as being composed of two parts: one part being the receipts for the labour services performed and the other part being a social dividend constituting the individual's share in the income derived from the capital and the natural resources owned by society."
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Revisiting the Socialist Calculation Debate: The role of markets and finance in Hayek's response to Lange's challenge, by Paul Auerbach and Dimitris Sotiropoulos
Oskar Lange and the Impossibility of Economic Calculation by D.W. MacKenzie