ایک درمیانی طاقت وہ ریاست ہوتی ہے جو نہ تو سپر پاور ہوتی ہے اور نہ ہی عظیم طاقت، لیکن پھر بھی بین الاقوامی تعلقات میں اثر و رسوخ رکھتی ہے اور اہم کردار ادا کرتی ہے۔ ان ممالک کے پاس اکثر مضبوط معیشتیں، جدید ٹیکنالوجیز، اور سفارتی اثر و رسوخ جیسی صلاحیتیں ہوتی ہیں جو انہیں عالمی معاملات میں آواز اٹھانے کی اجازت دیتی ہیں۔ درمیانی طاقتیں عام طور پر بڑی طاقتوں کے درمیان پل بنانے والے کے طور پر دیکھی جاتی ہیں، جو اپنے سفارتی مہارتوں کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے تنازعات کو حل کرنے اور بین الاقوامی مسائل پر تعاون کو فروغ دینے کی کوشش کرتی ہیں۔
درمیانی طاقتیں بین الاقوامی نظام میں اہم کردار ادا کرتی ہیں، کثیرالجہتی، تعاون، اور تنازعات کے پرامن حل کو فروغ دیتی ہیں۔ یہ ممالک اپنے وسائل اور سفارتی مہارتوں کا استعمال کرتے ہوئے اپنے قومی مفادات کو آگے بڑھاتے ہیں جبکہ عالمی استحکام اور خوشحالی میں بھی حصہ ڈالتے ہیں۔ اس طرح، درمیانی طاقتیں بین الاقوامی تعلقات کے پیچیدہ جال میں ایک اہم اور اکثر نظرانداز کی جانے والی عنصر ہیں۔
درمیانی طاقتوں کی فہرست
مندرجہ ذیل 52 ممالک کی فہرست ہے جو سرد جنگ کے بعد کے دور سے لے کر اب تک کسی وقت میں، ماہرین تعلیم یا دیگر ماہرین جی 20 اہم معیشتوں کے ذریعہ درمیانی طاقتوں میں شمار ہوتی رہی ہیں۔ جلی حروف میں، سوائے یورپی یونین کے رکن ممالک کے جو یورپی یونین کی اجتماعی رکنیت کے تحت شرکت کرتے ہیں:
^ ابپتٹBernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions'، in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension، edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990)۔
^ ابپتAndrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?'، International Studies Review، Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007)، pp. 675, 687.
↑Jiye Kim (2021)۔ "Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power: The Case of Nigeria"۔ Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory۔ Global Political Transitions۔ ص 221–241۔ DOI:10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9_9۔ ISBN:978-981-16-0369-3۔ S2CID:244203245
↑Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas، Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
↑Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs'، in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War، edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997)۔
↑Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power'، Third World Quarterly، Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998)، pp. 435-455.
↑Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East'، Round Table، Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008)، pp. 547-549.
↑Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (1 اگست 2007)۔ GIGA Working Paper No. 57. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007692
^ ابYasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world'، Asia Times (20 ستمبر 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China)۔'
↑Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico'، in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War، edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997)۔
^ ابPierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?'، Far Eastern Economic Review، Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000)، p. 69.
↑"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Indonesia". power.lowyinstitute.org (بزبان انگریزی). Retrieved 2021-12-18. Indonesia has for the first time reached a top-ten placement in the Index. Jakarta now outranks Singapore as the most diplomatically influential player in Southeast Asia.
^ ابJonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005)۔
↑Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997)۔
↑Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War، edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997)۔
^ ابTobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'۔ Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008)، p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S.، its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
↑Gilbert Rozman، 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle'، Pacific Review، Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007)، pp. 197-220.
↑Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security'، in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order، edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008)۔
↑"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Singapore". power.lowyinstitute.org (بزبان انگریزی). Retrieved 2021-12-18. Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.
↑"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Taiwan". power.lowyinstitute.org (بزبان انگریزی). Retrieved 2021-12-18. Uneven economic impacts and recoveries from the pandemic will likely continue to alter the regional balance of power well into the decade. Only Taiwan, the United States and Singapore are now predicted to have larger economies in 2030 than originally forecast prior to the pandemic.
↑Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order'، in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War، edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997)۔
↑"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Vietnam". power.lowyinstitute.org (بزبان انگریزی). Retrieved 2021-12-18. Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential.
↑"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Australia". power.lowyinstitute.org (بزبان انگریزی). Retrieved 2021-12-18. Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential.