Maji

Maji katika hali tatu tofauti: kiowevu, mango (barafu), na gesi (mvuke hewani). Mawingu ni malundo ya matone ya maji yaliyotokana na hewa iliyojaa mvuke.
Maji ya bomba
Tone la maji.

Maji ni kimiminika ambacho ni kiini cha uhai wowote duniani na pia kiini cha utamaduni wa binadamu. Hakuna mtu anayeweza kuishi bila maji kwa sababu asilimia 50 - 65 za mwili wa mwanadamu ni maji. Hata miili ya mimea na wanyama kwa kiasi kikubwa ni maji. Pia katika dunia maji yamechukua karibu robo tatu ya eneo lake lote (71.11%). Kwa hiyo maji ni kitu cha msingi sana.

Kiasi kikubwa cha maji duniani ni maji ya chumvi katika bahari; maji matamu yanayoweza kutumiwa na binadamu na kwa kilimo ni asilimia ndogo tu ya maji kwenye Dunia.

Maji yana matumizi mengi nyumbani na katika uchumi: nyumbani maji hutumika katika kunywa, kuogea, kuoshea vitu na vyombo mbalimbali; kiuchumi maji yanatumika viwandani, kwa mfano kupoozea au kuoshea mashine, pia maji hutumika katika usafiri, kama vile meli za mizigo, za abiria na vinginevyo.

Katika matumizi hayo pengine watu hutumia vibaya maji na vyanzo vyake ambavyo ni muhimu vitunzwe kwa kuwa tukiharibu vyanzo hivyo twaweza kuleta hali ya jangwa katika eneo hilo.

Maji kikemia

Samaki baharini

Kikemia maji ni kampaundi ya elementi za oksijeni na hidrojeni, ikiunganisha atomi mbili za hidrojeni na atomi moja ya oksijeni kuwa molekuli ya H2O au maji.

Jina la maji hutumika hasa kwa hali ya kiowevu ya H2O. Hali mango huitwa barafu na hali ya gesi huitwa mvuke. Yenyewe hayana rangi wala ladha au harufu.

Maji huwa ni kiowevu kinachopatikana kwa wingi duniani. Yajaza mito, maziwa na bahari. Zaidi ya theluthi mbili za uso wa dunia hufunikwa na maji.

Maji katika historia ya binadamu

Upatikanaji wa maji ulikuwa jambo muhimu katika historia ya utamaduni wa kibinadamu tangu mwanzo. Njia za maji zilikuwa kati ya njia za kwanza za mawasiliano kwa watu; mabonde ya mito inakata milima na kurahisisha usafiri.

Hata kwa watu kwenye ngazi ya wawindaji kando ya mto au ya ziwa ilikuwa mahali muhimu walipopata wanyama waliokuja kunywa.

Watu wenyewe walipanga makazi yao penye maji.

Binadamu walipoanza kulima maji kwa mashamba yalikuwa muhimu zaidi, hasa katika maeneo pasipo mvua ya mara kwa mara.

Wataalamu wengi huona kwamba ugawaji wa maji ulikuwa chanzo cha hisabati, sayansi na serikali. Madola makubwa ya kwanza yametambuliwa katika mabonde ya mito kwenye nchi yabisi kama mto Naili, Frati na Hidekeli au Indus. Haja ya kugawa maji, kujenga mifereji, kuitunza na kusimamia shughuli hizi zilileta haja ya kujenga uwezo wa kuhesabu, kutunza kumbukumbu, kuanzisha mwandiko na kuwa na vyombo vya utawala.

Njia za kukusanya, kugawa na kufikisha maji kwa watumiaji zimekuwa chanzo cha miundombinu katika nchi nyingi.

Wakina mama wakiwa wanateka maji

Matumizi ya maji

Kwa jumla maji ni moja ya vimiminika ambavyo hutumika sana katika maisha ya wanadamu kila siku. Maji yanaweza yakawa yanatumika kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nyumbani pia maji yanaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kiuchumi katika sehemu mbalimbali. Matumizi hayo ya maji yanaweza kuwa

  • Maji kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nyumbani; maji nyumbani huweza kutumika katika kazi tofauti; moja ya kazi hizo ni kama vile kwa ajili ya kunywea, pia maji yanaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya kufanyia usafi katika mazingira ya nyumbani, kwa mfano kwenye kusafishia nyumba; maji hutumika katika kufulia nguo na kadhalika.
  • Maji hutumika katika sekta ya kilimo; maji katika kilimo yanatumika katika kumwagilia pia maji yanatumika katika kuwanyesha wanyama na kuwasafisha na kazi nyingine nyingi.
Ibada ya maji katika dini ya Kihindu.
  • Hutumika katika usafirishaji; upande wa usafirishaji maji yanayotumika ni vyanzo vikubwa vya maji kama vile bahari, mito, maziwa na kadhalika. Watu na bidhaa mbalimbali husafirishwa kupitia maji kutumia vyombo vya majini kama vile meli, mitumbwi na pikipiki za majini. Pia katika nchi mbalimbali vyanzo vya maji kama mito vinatumika katika usafirishaji wa magogo
  • Hutumika katika uzalishaji wa umeme; maji hutumika kuzalisha umeme kutokana na maporomoko ya maji au kutoka kwenye mabwawa makubwa, kwa mfano wa bwawa la Nyumba ya Mungu, Mtera, Kidatu na Kihansi nchini Tanzania. Uganda umeme huzalishwa katika maporomoko ya mto wa Nile.
  • Maji hutumika kama chombo cha starehe; watu wengi hupenda kufanya maji kama chombo cha starehe pale waendapo kwenye fukwe za bahari kwa ajili ya kuogelea.
  • Maji yanatumika katika uvuvi wa samaki; vyanzo vya maji kama vile bahari na maziwa ni sehemu ambayo samaki au viumbe wa baharini huishi, kwa hiyo maji yanatumika katika kupata samaki na viumbe mbalimbali wa majini.
  • Maji hutumika katika ibada za dini mbalimbali kutokana na uenezi, umuhimu na maana yake kama mfano wa uhai na wa usafi.

Viungo vya nje

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya sayansi bado ni mbegu.
Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Maji kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine?
Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa?
Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

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