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Efedrin

Efedrin
IUPAC ime
(R*,S*)-2-(metilamino)-1-fenilpropan-1-ol
Klinički podaci
Drugs.comMonografija
Kategorija trudnoće
  • AU: A
  • US: A (Bez rizika u ispitivanjima na ljudima)
Način primeneoralno, IV, IM, SC
Pravni status
Pravni status
Farmakokinetički podaci
Bioraspoloživost85%
Metabolizamminimalan hepatički
Poluvreme eliminacije3–6 sata
Izlučivanje22-99% renalno
Identifikatori
CAS broj299-42-3 ДаY
ATC kodC01CA26 (WHO) R01AA03 R01AB05 R03CA02 S01FB02 QG04BX90
PubChemCID 5032
IUPHAR/BPS556
DrugBankDB01364 ДаY
ChemSpider8935 ДаY
UNIIGN83C131XS ДаY
KEGGD00124 ДаY
ChEBICHEBI:15407 ДаY
ChEMBLCHEMBL211456 ДаY
Hemijski podaci
FormulaC10H15NO
Molarna masa165,23
  • O[C@H](c1ccccc1)[C@@H](NC)C
  • InChI=1S/C10H15NO/c1-8(11-2)10(12)9-6-4-3-5-7-9/h3-8,10-12H,1-2H3/t8-,10-/m0/s1 ДаY
  • Key:KWGRBVOPPLSCSI-WPRPVWTQSA-N ДаY

Efedrin je simpatomimetički amin koji se koristi kao stimulant, supresant apetita, sredstvo za poboljšanje koncentracije, dekongestiv,ξ i za tretiranje hipotenzije uzrokovane anestezijom.

Efedrin ima sličnu strukturu sa (polusintetičkim) derivatima amfetaminom i metamfetaminom. Hemijski, on je alkaloid izveden iz različitih biljki roda Ephedra (familija Ephedraceae). On deluje prvenstveno putem povećanja aktivnosti noradrenalina na adrenergičke receptore.[1] On je obično u prodaju u obliku hidrohlorida i sulfata.

U tradicionalnoj kineskoj medicini, biljka Ephedra sinica koja sadrži efedrin i pseudoefedrin je jedan od glavnih aktivnih sastojaka. Isto važi za druge biljne proizvode koji sadrže ekstrakte iz drugih biljki Ephedra vrste.

Hemija

Četiri stereoizomera efedrina.

Efedrin ispoljava optički izomerizam i ima dva hiralna centra, te postoje četiri stereoizomera. Po konvenciji par enantiomera sa stereohemijom (1R,2S i 1S,2R) se naziva efedrin, dok se par enantiomera sa stereohemijom (1R,2R i 1S,2S) naziva pseudoefedrin.

Efedrin je supstituisani amfetamin i strukturni analog metamfetamina. On se razlikuje od metamFetamina samo po prisustvu hidroksilne grupe (OH). Amfetamini, su potentniji i imaju dodatne biološke efekte.

Izomer koji je u prodaji kao (–)-(1R,2S)-efedrin.[2]

Efedrin hidrohlorid ima tačku topljenja od 187−188 °C.[3]

Sinteza

Efedrin se može sintetisati iz benzaldehida na nekoliko različitih načina. U prvom se benzaldehid kondenzuje sa nitroetanom, dajući 2-metil-2-nitro-1-feniletanol, koji se redukuje do 2-metil-2-amino-1-feniletanola.[4][5] Neophodni L-izomer se izoluje iz smeše izomera putem kristalizacije. Njegova metilacija daje efedrin.

Drugi metod se sastoji of fermentacije glukoze kvaščanom karboligazom u prisustvu benzaldehida, koji se tokom procesa pretvara u fenilacetilkarbinol. On se zatim redukuje vodonikom u prisustvu metilamina čime se formira efedrin.[6][7]

Reference

  1. ^ Merck Manuals > EPHEDrine Last full review/revision January 2010
  2. ^ Martindale (1989). Edited by Reynolds JEF, ур. Martindale: The complete drug reference (29th изд.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85369-210-2. 
  3. ^ Budavari S, editor. The Merck Index: An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, 12th edition. Whitehouse Station: Merck
  4. ^ Spath, K. Gohring, Monatsh. Chem., 41, 319 (1920)
  5. ^ Manske, R. H. F.; Johnson, T. B. (1929). Journal of the American Chemical Society. 51 (2): 580. doi:10.1021/ja01377a032.  Недостаје или је празан параметар |title= (помоћ)
  6. ^ W. Klawehn, G. Hilderbrandt, U.S. Patent 1.956.950 (1934)
  7. ^ Merck Chem. Fab. E, DE 469782  (1926)

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