Санджак Ниш

Санджак
Санджак Ниш
тур. Niş Sancağı, серб. Niški Sandžak, Нишки Санџак, болг. Нишки санджак, алб. Sanxhaku i Nishit
 
Королевство Сербия 
Княжество Болгария 
1448 — 1878
Столица Ниш
Население сербы, албанцы, греки, болгары

Санджак Ниш — (тур. Niş Sancağı, серб. Niški Sandžak, болг. Нишки санджак/Nishki sandzhak, алб. Sanxhaku i Nishit) один из санджаков Османской империи, и его уездным городом был Ниш. административным центром санджака был город Ниш. Санджак делился на нахии: Ниш, Пирот, Лесковац, Вране, Куршумлия, Прокупле и Трын[1].

История

Средневековье

Османская империя впервые захватила город Ниш в 1375 году. В битве при Нише (начало ноября 1443 года) крестоносцы во главе с Яношем Хуньяди захватили османскую крепость Ниш и разгромили три армии Османской империи. После 1443 года Ниш находился под контролем Георгия Бранковича. В 1448 году он был вновь захвачен Османской империей и оставался под ее контролем в течение 241 года.

Такие топонимы, как Arbanaška и Đjake, свидетельствуют об албанском присутствии в Топлице и Южной Мораве (расположенной к северо-востоку от современного Косово) с позднего Средневековья[2][3]. Албанцы в районе Ниша приняли ислам после того, как этот район стал частью Османской империи[3].

В 1689 году (во время Великой Турецкой войны) и в 1737 году Ниш был на короткое время захвачен Австрийской империей. Австро-турецкие войны и их последствия привели к тому, что город Ниш и его область потеряли значительную часть своего населения из-за того, что они бежали или погибли. Некоторые албанцы из современной северной Албании и Западного Косово поселились в Топлице и Мораве во второй половине XVIII века, подстрекаемые османскими властями[3][4].

Османская крепость в Нише, законченная в 1723 году

Мидхат-паша был одним из наиболее известных санджак-беев Ниша (1861—1864), чьи реформы в санджаке были настолько выгодны, что султан поручил ему подготовить план их адаптации ко всей империи. Санджак Ниш стал частью Дунайского вилайета, когда последний был создан в 1864 году. В 1868 году санджак был объединен с санджаком Призрен, санджаком Скопье и санджаком Дибра в один вилайет, Призренский вилайет, который просуществовал до 1877 года[5]. В 1871 году санджак был объединен с санджаком Нови-Пазар создать новый вилайет Нови-Пазар, просуществовавший менее года, когда прежняя ситуация была восстановлена[6].

Албанцы составляли большинство населения в некоторых районах санджака Ниш, таких как область Топлица и некоторые деревни в районе Вране, до Русско-турецкой войны (1877—1878)[7]. Во время и после сербско-турецкой войны 1876—1878 годов от 30 000 до 70 000 мусульман, в основном албанцев, были изгнаны сербской армией из санджака Ниш и бежали в Косовский вилайет[8][9][10][11][12][13].

Большая часть санджака Ниш была аннексирована Сербским княжеством после Русско-турецкой войны (1877—1878), а меньшая часть и весь Софийский санджак были аннексированы Болгарским княжеством[14].

Примечания

  1. Godišnjak grada Beograda. — Museum of the Belgrade, 1977. — С. 116. Архивировано 17 декабря 2019 года.
  2. Uka, Sabit (2004). Jeta dhe veprimtaria e sqiptarëve të Sanxhakut të Nishit deri më 1912 [Life and activity of Albanians in the Sanjak of Nish up to 1912]. Verana. pp. 244—245. "Eshtë, po ashtu, me peshë historike një shënim i M. Gj Miliçeviqit, i cili bën fjalë përkitazi me Ivan Begun. Ivan Begu, sipas tij ishte pjesëmarrës në Luftën e Kosovës 1389. Në mbështetje të vendbanimit të tij, Ivan Kullës, fshati emërtohet Ivan Kulla (Kulla e Ivanit), që gjendet në mes të Kurshumlisë dhe Prokuplës. M. Gj. Miliçeviqi thotë: «Shqiptarët e ruajten fshatin Ivan Kullë (1877—1878) dhe nuk lejuan që të shkatërrohet ajo». Ata, shqiptaret e Ivan Kullës (1877—1878) i thanë M. Gj. Miliçeviqit se janë aty që nga para Luftës se Kosovës (1389). [12] Dhe treguan që trupat e arrave, që ndodhen aty, ata i pat mbjellë Ivan beu. Atypari, në malin Gjakë, nodhet kështjella që i shërbeu Ivanit (Gjonit) dhe shqiptarëve për t’u mbrojtur. Aty ka pasur gjurma jo vetëm nga shekulli XIII dhe XIV, por edhe të shekullit XV ku vërehen gjurmat mjaft të shumta toponimike si fshati Arbanashka, lumi Arbanashka, mali Arbanashka, fshati Gjakë, mali Gjakë e tjerë. [13] Në shekullin XVI përmendet lagja shqiptare Pllanë jo larg Prokuplës. [14] Ne këtë shekull përmenden edhe shqiptarët katolike në qytetin Prokuplë, në Nish, në Prishtinë dhe në Bulgari.[15]…. [12] M. Đj. Miličević. Kralevina Srbije, Novi Krajevi. Beograd, 1884: 354. «Kur flet mbi fshatin Ivankullë cekë se banorët shqiptarë ndodheshin aty prej Betejës së Kosovës 1389. Banorët e Ivankullës në krye me Ivan Begun jetojnë aty prej shek. XIV dhe janë me origjinë shqiptare. Shqiptarët u takojnë të tri konfesioneve, por shumica e tyre i takojnë atij musliman, mandej ortodoks dhe një pakicë i përket konfesionit katolik.» [13] Oblast Brankovića, Opširni katastarski popis iz 1455 godine, përgatitur nga M. Handžic, H. Hadžibegić i E. Kovačević, Sarajevo, 1972: 216. [14] Skënder Rizaj, T,K «Perparimi» i vitit XIX, Prishtinë 1973: 57.[15] Jovan M. Tomić, O Arnautima u Srbiji, Beograd, 1913: 13.
  3. 1 2 3 Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). «Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey.» Middle Eastern Studies. 45. (4): 556—557: Using secondary sources, we establish that there have been Albanians living in the area of Nish for at least 500 years, that the Ottoman Empire controlled the area from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries which led to many Albanians converting to Islam, that the Muslim Albanians of Nish were forced to leave in 1878, and that at that time most of these Nishan Albanians migrated south into Kosovo, although some went to Skopje in Macedonia. ; pp. 557—558. In 1690 much of the population of the city and surrounding area was killed or fled, and there was an emigration of Albanians from the Malësia e Madhe (North Central Albania/Eastern Montenegro) and Dukagjin Plateau (Western Kosovo) into Nish.
  4. Jagodić, Miloš. The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878 (англ.) // Balkanologie : journal. — 1998. — Vol. 2, no. 2. Архивировано 11 октября 2016 года. para. 10, 12.
  5. Grandits, Hannes; Nathalie Clayer, Robert Pichler. Conflicting Loyalties in the Balkans The Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire and Nation-building (англ.). — Gardners Books, 2010. — P. 309. — ISBN 978-1-84885-477-2. Архивировано 11 августа 2020 года.. — «In 1868 the vilayet of Prizren was created with the sancaks of Prizren, Dibra, Skopje and Niš; it only existed till 1877».
  6. Šabanoić, Hazim. Bosanski pašaluk: postanak i upravna podjela (хорв.). — Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1959. — С. 98. Архивировано 10 марта 2022 года.
  7. Bataković, Dušan T. Kosovo and Metohija: living in the enclave (англ.). — Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Balkan Studies, 2007. — P. 35.. — «Prior to the Second Serbo-Ottoman War (1877–78), Albanians were the majority population in some areas of Sanjak of Nis (Toplica region), while from the Serb majority district of Vranje Albanian-inhabited villages were emptied after the 1877–1878 war».
  8. Pllana, Emin (1985). "Les raisons de la manière de l’exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878—1878) [The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Niš to Kosovo (1878—1878)] ". Studia Albanica. 1: 189—190.
  9. Rizaj, Skënder (1981). «Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878—1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878—1880)]». Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike). 10: 198.
  10. Şimşir, Bilal N, (1968). Rumeli’den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans [Turkish emigrations from the Balkans]. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737.
  11. Bataković, Dušan. The Kosovo Chronicles. — Plato, 1992. Архивировано 26 декабря 2016 года.
  12. Elsie, Robert. Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. — Scarecrow Press, 2010. — С. XXXII. — ISBN 9780333666128.
  13. Stefanović, Djordje (2005). «Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804—1939.» European History Quarterly. 35. (3): 470.
  14. Balcanica, Volume 37. — Srpska Akademija Nauka i Umetnosti, Balkanološki Institut, 2007. — С. 122.. — «Serbia retained the largest part of the former Sanjak of Nis, while the smaller part and the whole Sanjak of Sofia were annexed by the Sanjak of Sofia.».

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