Кулнинг

Эммерих Бенкерт. Взгляд вдаль (до 1855)

Кулнинг (норв. lålning, kauking, kulokker; швед. lockrop, kauking) — пастуший зов[1], вокальная техника по принципу ёйги, йойка или йодля, использующаяся традиционно в Швеции (провинция Даларна)[1], Норвегии, а также в Финляндии, чтобы созывать пасущихся животных или отпугивать хищников (волков и медведей).

Со времён Средневековья на западе Европы пасти скот обычно заставляли женщин (пастушки), поэтому кулнинг исполняется женщинами.

Кулнинг является древнейшей музыкальной формой в Скандинавии[2] и представляет собой простую меланхоличную мелодию с высокими назальными нотами[2]. Она может быть импровизированной, либо определённой, выражающей некий сигнал. Сильный высокий голос без вибрато слышен и различим на многие километры и проще в выражении, нежели крик, напрягающий голосовые связки.

В прежние времена люди не расценивали кулнинг как музыку, но как способ контроля за животными и общения между далеко расположенными высокогорными поселениями. Сегодня кулнинг обогатил шведскую и норвежскую фолк- и поп-музыку[3].

Примеры использования

Примечания

  1. 1 2 John White, Jean Christensen, Kimmo Kornhonen. New Music of the Nordic Countries. — Pendragon Press, 2002. — С. 503. — 624 с. — ISBN 9781576470190. Архивировано 13 июня 2020 года.
  2. 1 2 Brad Kessler. Goat Song: A Seasonal Life, A Short History of Herding, and the Art of Making Cheese. — Simon and Schuster, 2009. — 259 с. — ISBN 9781416561156.
  3. Alf Björnberg, Thomas Bossius. Made in Sweden: Studies in Popular Music. — Taylor & Francis, 2016. — С. 134. — 267 с. — ISBN 9781134858507.
  4. 1 2 Christine Hals. IMDb. Дата обращения: 31 мая 2019. Архивировано 13 сентября 2019 года.
  5. Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons - Official Soundtrack, by Gustaf Grefberg. OVERKILL Soundtracks. Дата обращения: 31 мая 2019. Архивировано 16 ноября 2020 года.

Ссылки

  • Jonna Jinton. Kulning - Ancient Swedish herdingcall. YouTube (29 июня 2016). — пример исполнения.
  • Elina. Kulning. YouTube (14 мая 2009). — пример исполнения.

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